Term
Which one of the following circumstances is expected to contribute to the formation of pulmonary edema? a. overtransfusion with plasma b. occlusion of the lymphatic drainage of an area of the lung c. right ventricular failure d. high concentration of plasma proteins
|
|
Definition
b. occlusion of the lymphatic drainage of an area of the lung |
|
|
Term
Which one of the following statements is true during exercise? a. blood flow is uniform throughout the lungs b. lung diffusing capacity increases because blood flow is continuous in all pulmonary capillaries c. pulmonary blood volume decreases d. the transit time of blood in the pulmonary capillaries does not change from rest
|
|
Definition
b. lung diffusing capacity increases because blood flow is continuous in all pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary edema forms preferentially at the abse of the lung because: a. PO2 is less at the base b. PCO2 is higher at the base c. intravascular pressure is great at the base d. vascular resistance is higher at the base
|
|
Definition
c. intravascular pressure is great at the base |
|
|
Term
Blood flow to the lungs is best described as being a. finely regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system b. finely regulated by the sympathetic nervous system c. higher at the base than at the apex of the upright lung d. directed mainly to areas that are hypoxic e. constant throughout the duration of the respiratory cycle
|
|
Definition
c. higher at the base than at the apex of the upright lung |
|
|
Term
Which of the following should decrase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? a. low PCO2 b. alkalosis c. acidosis d. decreased body temp
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A man fell asleep in his running car one evening. He was brought unconscious into the emergency department. His arterial PO2 was 95 mmHg. His arterial PCO2 was 40 mmHg. With carbon monoxide poisoning, you would expect his arterial oxygen saturation to be ______ and his venous oxygen saturation to be _______. a. normal, decreased b. decreased, decreased c. increased, normal
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An otherwise normal person has lost enough blood to decrase his body's hemoglobin concentration from 15g/100ml of blood to 12g/100ml of blood. Which of the following would be expected to decrease? a. arterial PO2 b. blood oxygen-carrying capacity c. arterial hemoglobin saturation d. arterial carbon dioxide content
|
|
Definition
b. blood oxygen-carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is most likely to be decreased in a patient with pulmonary emphysema? a. cardiac output b. pulmonary diffusing capacity c. pulmonary arterial pressure d. arterial carbon dioxide levels
|
|
Definition
b. pulmonary diffusing capacity |
|
|
Term
During sever pulmonary disease, a stimulus of the control of respiration is: a. a decrease in arterial O2 content b. a decrease in arterial PCO2 c. a decrease in arterial PO2 d. an increase in arterial pH
|
|
Definition
c. a decrease in arterial PO2 |
|
|
Term
What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? a. smoking b. occupational exposure c. environmental exposure d. genetic e. restrictive lung diseases
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following can cause respiratory failure? a. infection b. paralysis c. drug overdose d. exacerbation of COPD e. all of the above
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A patient complains of shortness of breath. During the history, you discover that he is exposed to a variety of environmental insults at his job. Which of the following diseases do you suspect? a. occupational asthma b. pulmonary fibrosis c. restrictive lung disease d. cannot tell without pulmonary function tests
|
|
Definition
d. cannot tell without pulmonary function tests
|
|
|
Term
Which of the following lung volumes or capacities cannot be determined with a simply spirometer? a. vital capacity b. expiratory reserve volume c. inspiratory reserve volume d. tidal volume e. functional residual capacity
|
|
Definition
e. functional residual capacity
|
|
|
Term
A 50 yo man participates in a marathon. Which muscle or muscles are being used for inspiration during the marathon? a. gastrocnemius b. internal intercostals c. abdominals d. external intercostals
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulmonary surfactant is formed by: a. alveolar macrophages b. goblet cells c. Type I alveolar cells d. Type II alveolar cells
|
|
Definition
d. Type II alveolar cells
|
|
|
Term
Which of the following would be expected to increase the measured airway resistance? a. stimulation of parasympathetic nerves to the lungs b. low lung volumes c. release of histamine by mast cells d. forced expirations e. all of the above
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following tend to decrease airway resistance? a. asthma b. stimulation by sympathetic fibers c. treatment with acetycholine d. exhalation to residual volume
|
|
Definition
b. stimulation by sympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
The most accurate statement about airway pressures during normal quiet breathing (as measured in the upper airway) is: a. at the end of expiration, there is a slight amount of positive airway pressure, between 3 and 5 mmHg above atmospheric presssure b. at the end of expiration, airway pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure c. at the end of inspiration, there is a slight negative airway pressure, between -3 and -5 mmHg d. airway pressure equals atmospheric pressure throughout the breathing cycle e. airway pressure is below atmospheric pressure throughout the breathing cycle
|
|
Definition
b. at the end of expiration, airway pressure is the same as atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
Use the graph to answer the question. in the spirogram, the tidal volume is represented by: a. a b. b c. c d. d
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Use the graph to answer the question. The total lung capacity is represented by: a. a plus b plus c b. b plus c plus d c. c plus d d. a plus b plus c plus d
|
|
Definition
d. a plus b plus c plus d
|
|
|
Term
Residual volume a. is part of the expiratory reserve volume b. is part of vital capacity c. cannot be measured directly with a spirometer d. represents the resting volume of the lungs e. is the volume at which the lungs tend to recoil outward
|
|
Definition
c. cannot be measured directly with a spirometer |
|
|
Term
Use the graph to answer the question. Functional residual capacity is represented by: a. a plus b b. b plus c c. c plus d d. b plus c plus d e a plus b plus c plus d
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All five gastrointestinal hormones - gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and motilin - are released from which of the following structures under physiological conditions? a. antrum b. colon c. duodenum d. fundus e. ileum
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you cut through a segment of small intestine from the outside into the lumen, in what order would the layers of the wall be cut? a. mucosa, submucosa, serosa, longitudinal smooth muscle, circular smooth muscle b. longitudinal smooth muscle, submucosa, mucosa, serosa c. mucosa, longitudinal smooth muscle, serosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle d. longitudinal smooth muscle, serosa, submucosa, mucosa, circular smooth muscle e. serosa, longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus, submucosa, mucosa
|
|
Definition
e. serosa, longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus, submucosa, mucosa |
|
|
Term
The main excitatory neurotransmitter to gut smooth muscle is which of the following? a. acetylcholine b. GIP c. noradrenaline d. substance P e. VIP
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A 67 yo farmer has a breakfast of eggs, bacon, ham, grits with cheese, fried potatoes, biscuits with syrup, buttermilk, and coffee before beginning a long day in the field. Which of the following hormones is released by the presence of fat and protein in the small intestine and helps to decrease gastric epmtying? a. CCK b. GILP c. Gastrin d. Motilin e. Secretin
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hormone gastrin is released primarily from which structure? a. antrum b. colon c. duodenum d. ileum e. jejunum
|
|
Definition
|
|
