Term
1) Fluid in the Scala Media of Cochlea (where neurosensory apparatus for hearing are)? 2) What kind of sensory cells are here? 3) How does sound travel for hearing? 4) Sound frequency spectrum:? 5) What is the pressure applied in tympanometry? |
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Definition
1) Endolymph (Organ of Corti is here) 2) Bilateral sensory cells 3) From footplate of stapes, to perilymph, to endolymph, to organ of Corti, to Brain. 4) 20-20,000 Hz perceived by humans 5) pressure applied is +/- 300 mmH2O |
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Term
Clinical Symptoms...name it? Symptoms: itching; pain with acute infection; crusting,
purulent aural discharge; obstruction of the ear canal can
CAN CAUSE CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS |
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Definition
Ottitus Externa
Treat?..... Treatment: meticulous repeated cleansing and drying of the ear canal; antiseptics, AB drops; AB drops and
steroid containing drops contraindicated in fungal
infection, hypersensitivity, and perforated tympanic membrane; emphasis is placed on meticulous aural hygiene, protecting the ear from shampoos, soaps, cotton-tipped swabs
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Term
- Symptoms: very painful, tender swelling of canal… Tx? |
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Definition
Circumscribed otitis externa (furuncle): acute bacterial infection of the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal Tx: meticulous cleaning with 70% alcohol for 1-2 days (gauze wick); AB ointment strips; AB and
steroid-containing drops; systemic AB used in patients with systemic symptoms
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Term
Symptoms: insidious, persistent otitis externa that does not heal; moderate to severe pain; fetid aural discharge Tx?
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Definition
Necrotizing otitis externa (malignant otitis externa) Treatment: local debridement; high doses AB against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; DM closely monitored;
resection of the affected bone
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Term
Symptoms: otalgia of sudden onset, bloody discharge;
conductive/sensorineural hearing loss
Diagnosis: Otoscopy: bullae; rupture may cause
spontaneous bleeding from the ear canal Tx? |
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Definition
Bullous otitis externa….Blisters on the outside of the EAR Treatment: Specific antiviral therapy not available; local
anesthetic ear drops; NSAID (MAKE sure not due to TOXICITY or Trauma) |
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Term
Symptoms: severe itching, a feeling of fullness
- Diagnosis: white, yellow or black membranes in the ear canal
Tx?
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Definition
Otomycosis (fungal infection)
Treatment: clean and dry ear canal; local antimycotics; salicylate-containing solutions |
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Term
Symptoms: pressure sensation, hearing loss
Diagnosis: otoscopic (yellowish brown to black
material in the external ear canal) Tx? |
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Definition
cerumen impaction Treatment: removal ( hook, curette; aural
irrigation)
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Term
Symptoms/Signs: Child with fluid behind behind TM.... Diagnosis: physical examination; otoscopy (opaque,
thickened, erythematous and bulging tympanic
membrane); conductive hearing loss; bacteriologic examination is not performed in intact tympanic membrane; paracentesis (through TM) for bacteriologic examination (immunocompromised, failed treatment, complications)
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Definition
Acute Ottitus Media Treatment: NSAIDs, decongestant nasal drops; AB right away for 7-10 days; if no response within 48 hours, a different AB should be started; paracentesis for bacteriologic examination |
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Term
1) How many episodes do we need to have for recurrent acute ottitus media? 2) What is Tx for this? |
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Definition
1) 5 2) Treatment: the same as an isolated; vaccination against pneumococci can help to prevent new episode; adenotomy, and ventilation tube |
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Term
Definition: inflammatory infusion behind intact tympanic membrane; no symptoms of acute inflammation
Diagnosis: opaque, thickened, and occasionally
retracted tympanic membrane (TM); decreased/absent mobility; tympanogram –flat curve
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Definition
serous otitis media Treatment: conservative with decongestant nasal
drops,moisturizing and hygienic measures; middle ear ventilation; for chronic form-surgicaltreatment (paracentesis, and aspiration of the infusion, inserting a ventilation tube); adenotomy at the time of paracentesis
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Term
Symptoms: mucopurulent discharge (fetid if Pseudomonas); recurrence Diagnose: history/otoscopic findings (central perforation of TM, calcifications, atrophic areas); in draining ear external canal contains secretions, occasionally perforation is difficult to see |
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Definition
Chronic suppurative otitis media TX: systemic AB; local treatment (cleansing, drying the ear is essential; ear drops; adequate ear protection while bathing/ showering; surgical closure of the TM when the ear dry for at least 3 months
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Term
Symptoms: presents as chronic otitis media; less commonly labyrinthitis, facial nerve palsy, or intracranial infection
Diagnostic work-up: otoscopy (white epithelial debris in a retraction pocket in the tympanic membrane)
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Definition
Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma
Treatment: surgical treatment (eradicate the destructive inflammatory process)
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Term
Diagnosis: prominent auricle (pushed forward) with retroauricular swelling;tenderness over the mastoid process; otorrhea; otoscopy; CT best establishes the diagnose; CBC
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Definition
Mastoiditis (usually secondary to Ottitus Media) Treatment: surgical (mastoidectomy with culture-directed
intravenous antibiotics)
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Term
1) Blood supply to Labyrinth: derivative from which artery 2) Vestibulocochlear nerve: afferent fibers which lead to the vestibular and cochlear nuclei in the _____.
3) Acute acoustic trauma:
sudden intense sound event of short duration, exceeding ____dB (gunshot, airbags, firecrackers, aerial firework)
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Definition
1) anterior inferior cerebellar artery/basilar artery 2) brainstem 3) 140 |
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Term
Signs/Symptoms:Hoarse voice due to vocal cord involvement; dry, harsh, barking cough and stridor (during inspiration); may progress to severe respiratory distress with cyanosis Dx: Inflammation and swelling below the vocal cords and in the upper part of the cervical trachea |
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Definition
Acute Subglottic Laryngitis Tx: - Airway humidification and adequate fluid intake - Inhalation therapy with epinephrine
- Intubation in rare cases
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Term
- Gradual onset; - Expiratory and inspiratory stridor,
- Numerous rales over the lungs, pneumonia, atelectasis;
- Risk of lower airway obstruction by viscous mucus;stenotic symptoms develop relatively slowly;
- Mucosal redness of URT and LRT, and vocal cords
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Definition
Bacterial (Laryngo)tracheitis Treatment and prognosis: -AB supplemented by treatment with mycolytic agents(e.g.,acetylcysteine, ambroxol),
-Airway humidification
-Adequate fluid intake
-Intubation in severe cases
-Prognosis is good
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Term
Symptoms:
High fever,
Loud inspiratory stridor
Severe respiratory distress
Very painful swallowing
Muffled “hot potato” voice is characteristic
Dyspnea may progress rapidly
Death from asphyxia may occur within minutes to a few hours after onset Dx: Post. pharyngeal wall appear bright red;
Epiglottis is swollen and erythematous “cherry red epiglottis”
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Definition
Acute Epiglottitis Treatment:
Intubation as early as possible;
AB (third generation of cephalosporins - ceftriaxone)
With prompt and adequate treatment extubation possible 1-3 days after intubation;
Recurrence is very rare
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Term
Diagnosis:
Redness, thickening/edema of the vocal cords which are coated with viscous mucus
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Definition
Acute Laryngitis Treatment:
Voice rest,
Inhalation therapy, mucolytic agents,
Anti-inflammatory agents
Exogenous irritants (air pollutants, cigarette smoke, climatic influences) should be eliminated and avoided
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Term
Symptoms: SMOKER Hoarseness
Rapid vocal fatigue
Frequent throat clearing, and dry cough
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Definition
Chronic Nonspecific Laryngitis Treatment:
- Identify and eliminate the causal irritant
- Inhalation therapy, mucolytics
- Acute exacerbation treat with AB
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Term
Hx of GERD
- Hoarseness and foreign body sensation
- Posterior portion of the larynx most severely damaged
- Redness, edema in these areas
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Definition
Posterior laryngitis (gastroesophageal reflux laryngitis)
Treatment: WORK WITH GI Dr.
Medical guidelines for reflux disease, proton-pump inhibitors
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Term
Vocal cord polyps – speaking professions; hoarseness of voice; treatment: surgery
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Definition
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