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| Robed male figure, from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. Steatite, 6 7/8” high. National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. |
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| Seal with seated figure in yogic posture, from Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. Steatite coated with alkali and baked, approx. 1 3/8” X 1 3/8”. National Museum, New Delhi. |
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| Lion capital of column erected by Ashoka at Sarnath, India, ca. 250 BCE. Polished sandstone, approx. 7’ high. Archaeological Museum, Sarnath. |
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| Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, third century BCE to first century CE (View from the east). |
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| Yakshi, detail of eastern gateway, Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, mid first century BCE to early first century CE. |
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| Interior of chaitya hall, Karle, India, ca. 100 CE. |
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| Plan of chaitya hall, Karle, India, ca. 100 CE. |
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| Meditating Buddha, from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Gray schist, 3’ 7 1/2” high. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. |
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| The life and death of the Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Schist, 2’ 2 3/8” X 9’ 6 1/8”. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C |
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| The life and death of the Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Schist, 2’ 2 3/8” X 9’ 6 1/8”. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C |
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| The life and death of the Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Schist, 2’ 2 3/8” X 9’ 6 1/8”. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C |
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| The life and death of the Buddha, frieze from Gandhara, Pakistan, second century CE. Schist, 2’ 2 3/8” X 9’ 6 1/8”. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C |
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| Buddha seated on lion throne, from Mathura, India, second century CE. Red sandstone, 2’ 3 1/2” high. Archaeological Museum, Muttra. |
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| Seated Buddha preaching first sermon, from Sarnath, India, second half of fifth century. Tan sandstone, 5’ 3” high. Archaeological Museum, Sarnath. |
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| Bodhisattva Padmapani, wall painting in Cave 1, Ajanta, India, second half of fifth century. |
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| Boar avatar of Vishnu rescuing the earth, Cave 5, Udayagiri, India, early fifth century. Relief approx 22’ X 13’; Vishnu 12’ 8” high. |
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| Dancing Shiva, rock-cut relief in cave temple, Badami, India, late sixth century. |
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| Shiva as Mahadeva, Cave 1, Elephanta, India, ca. 550–575. Basalt, Shiva 17’ 10” high. |
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| Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century. |
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| Vishnu asleep on the serpent Ananta, detail of facade of the Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India, early sixth century. |
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| Rock-cut temples, Mamallapuram, India, second half of seventh century. From left to right: Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, and Draupadi rathas. |
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Rajarajeshvara Temple, Thanjavur, India, ca. 1010
(South style) |
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Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000.
(North Style) |
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| Vishvanatha Temple plan, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000. |
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| Sculptures on temple wall, Vishvanatha Temple, Khajuraho, India, ca. 1000. |
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| Shiva as Nataraja, bronze in the Naltunai Ishvaram Temple, Punjai, India, ca. 1000. |
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| Death of the Buddha (Parinirvana), Gal Vihara, near Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, eleventh to twelfth century. Granulite, Buddha approx. 46’ long. |
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| Borobudur, Java, Indonesia, ca. 800. |
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| Harihara, from Prasat Andet, Cambodia, early seventh century. Stone, 6’ 3” high. National Museum, Phnom Penh. |
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| Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia, first half of twelfth century. |
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| Bayon, Angkor Thom, Cambodia, ca. 1200. |
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| Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. |
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clover-like designs with three stylized leaves
- decorate the robe of Robed Male Figure
- appear in sacred contexts in Sumerian sculpture |
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Sanskrit compilations of religious learning that included hymns for priests to chant or sing
- composed by the Aryans around 1500 BCE |
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Variety of religious Aryan texts including the ideas of samsara, karma, and moksha
- developed around 800-500 BCE |
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Grand circular monument housing the relics of the Buddha
- essential element of Buddhist sanctuaries |
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| Walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction |
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| Hall inside Buddhist monasteries with rounded ends for housing smaller stupas |
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Sensuous woman/goddess personifying fertility, vegetation, procreation, and abundance
- represents Buddha's mother (Maya) giving birth |
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Amorous couples (pairs of men and women, mortal or divine) that suggest the creative life force, fertility, and the propagation of life
- serve as protectors of entrances |
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Depict Buddha as a robust, powerful male with broad shoulders and wide eyes wearing a tight and clinging monk's robe
- Buddha sits in a yoga-like position with hands in the abhaya gesture (meaning worshippers should have no fear) |
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Buddha is dressed in a draping toga-like monk's robe, seated in a yoga position, and with hands in the dhyana mudra gesture of meditation
- very Greco-Roman both in treatment of body forms and draping of garments (toga-like) |
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Hindu god: "The Destroyer"
- he is a regenerative force often depicted with multiple limbs/heads to represent superhuman nature |
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Hindu god: "Preserver of the Universe'
- When evil forces become too strong, he descends to earth to restore balance and assumes different forms (avatars)
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Hindu goddess: "Great Goddess"
- has many names and forms
- both creates and destroys
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| free-standing monolithic (single-stone) temples, translation= chariots (vehicles of the gods) |
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Stylized temple with a beehive-like tower (shikhara="mountain top") capped by cushion-like amakalas
i.e. Vishvanatha Temple |
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Stylized temple with flat roofed pillared halls and shorter towered shrines (vimanas) that resemble multilevel pyramids
i.e. Rajarajeshvara Temple |
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| In Buddhist thought, one of the host of divinities provided to the Buddha to help him save humanity, a potential Buddha |
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