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sound, touch, pain
psyc exam 3
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
04/13/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
sound: definition
Definition

a vibratory disturbance that occurs in air or some other "medium"

 

used by waves moving through medium

Term

Predict how changes in an auditory stimulus will affect its sound wave, and thus perception of that sound

Definition

frequency: cycles per second (Hz) - makes the waves look closer together - relates to pitch - inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength - ear drum reacts more to higher frequency

 

amplitude: the difference between the resting spot of the wave, and its peak (pressure) - makes waves taller - relates to loudness

 

 (instrument/timbre) = complexity: complex vs. pure tone - complex is often combining pure tones (additive synthesis) and fourier analysis is breaking it down

Term

Interpret a graph depicting the audibility curve

Definition

threshold for humans: we cna hear above this threshold

 

we also have a threshold of feeling sound

 

NOTE: the equal loudness curves are not equal...just points along each individual line have the same percieved loudness

 

if its above the curve, its percieved loud

Term

Diagram the auditory system from the outer ear to the auditory cortex.  Analyze each structure’s function in hearing

Definition

OUTER EAR

pinna (funnel sound and location) - external auditory canal (funnel vibrations to the ear drum, temperature control, amplifies important sound range) -

 

MIDDLE EAR

tympanic membrane/ear drum (vibrates to waves) - auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes (vibrate in chain reaction to inner ear) - middle ear cavity - eustacian tube (connects the two cavities to equalize pressure and fluides) -

 

INNER EAR

oval window (recieves vibrations from stapes) - round window (comes out of cochlea from the scala tympani) - cochlea (holds organ of corti- basiliar membrane with hair cells moves against tectorial membrane & moves the perilymph fluids) - semicircular canals (the cochlea - scala vestibuli to scala tympani - inbetween is the scala media/cochlear partition)

 

TO THE CORTEX

cochlear nucleus - sonic mg (superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculous, medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus) - auditory receiving area (A1) in temporal lobe - tonotopic map in cortex

Term
Discuss why the ossicles of the middle ear are a necessary structure
Definition

they are necessary to amplify sound so it isn't dampened in the cochlear fluid

 

the same amount of force on a smaller area (like the stapes) creates increased pressure

Term
Describe the structure of the cochlea. Relate to the functions of the cochlea
Definition

curved like a snails shell....when rolled out:

 

perilympth fluid goes from oval window through the scala vestibuli around the helicotrema and the scala tympani and out the round window...

 

this causes the organ of corti to move : the bottom (basiliar membrane- with hairs) starts moving up and down while the top (tectoral membrane) starts moving back and forth, the tec. memb. starts pushing the cilia causing neurotransmitters to be released, and a signal is sent to the brain (depolarizing)

 

percieves loudness based on the amplitude, and how many cilia are bent

 

percieves pitch based on the envelope in the basiliar membrane (the max. peak of the wave at each part of the membrane) - high frequency is near base

Term
tinnitus
Definition

ringing of the ears, ususally caused by loud sounds but also can be caused by drugs and ear infections or food allergies

 

Term
Meniere's disease
Definition

caused by excessive build up of fluid in the inner ear

 

-hearing loss (can be permanent)

-tinnitus

-vertigo

Term
Neural Hearing Loss
Definition
caused by benign tumors on the auditory nerve
Term
presbycusis
Definition
hearing loss of aging
Term
problems with speech comprehension (cause)
Definition
degradation of auditory nerve
Term
interpret an audiogram
Definition

normal: 25 +

mild: 24-45

moderate: 45-65

severe: 65-85

profound 85-130

Term
benefits and pitfalls of cochlear implants
Definition

benefits: has the capability of greatly improving speech, bypasses the outer and middle ear and goes straight through the cortex

 

pitfalls: very invasive surgery, can often take a patient a while to adjust to sound, most beneficial implanted early, has been shown to interrupt the "deaf community"

Term
What are the localization cues?
Definition

binaural: ITD, ILD

 

monaural: HRTF

 

auditory scene analysis: auditory grouping

Term
Interaural Time Differences
Definition

binaural localization cue

 

subtract time to get to each ear

(works best for low frequencies)

Term
Interaural Level Differences
Definition

appears louder in the closer ear (acoustic shadow)

 

works best for higher frequencies

Term
Head Related Transfer Function
Definition

monaural localization cue

 

the difference between sound from source and sound that actually enters the ear (changed by pinna)

Term
In what coordinates is it easies for us to localize sound?
Definition
not directly in front or in back of us...because when it is, we have no capability of using the localization cues
Term
Functions of the Skin (6 terms)
Definition

 

  • Protection
  • Warmth
  • Body temperature regulatio
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Blood resevoir
  • Signals emotions
Term
Somatosensory receptors (location and perceptual correlates)
Definition

Merkel disks - between epidermis & dermis; SA1; fine details

Meisser corpuscle - in dermis just below epidermis; RA1; hand grip control

Ruffini organs - inside cyclindrical capsule; SA2; stretching of stimuli

Pacinian corpuscles - deep in skin; RA2; vibrations and fine textures

 

Term
Differences between slow-adaptins and rapid-adapting mechanoreceptors
Definition


 

  • slowly-adapting neuron: responds continuously to a maintained stimulus

 

 

  • rapidly-adapting neuron: shows a quick drop in firing rate.

 

Term
Two-point threshold
Definition

 

 

 

the minimum distance necessary to differentiate between two points touching you simultaneously

Term

]Relation to skin sensitivity and

receptive fields

Definition

 

 

 

skin sensitivity - the smaller the distance of the two-point threshold, the more sensitive the area is

 

receptive fields - the more sensitive the area, the lower the two-point threshold...the receptive fields are closer together for more sensitive areas

Term
Perception of touch - diagram from transduction to the cortex
Definition

 

 

nerve fibers (touch) - dorsal root - spinal cord - medial lemniscus (position) and spinothalmic (temperature and pain) pathways - thalamus (ventrolateral nucleus) - somatosensory cortex

Term
Somatosensory cortex and homunculus
Definition

 

 

points on the somatosesory cortex correspond to parts of the body (stimulation produces tingling)

 

homunculus - "little man"; the topographic map of the body in the somatosensory cortex (sensitive areas givene more area in the cortex); density of receptor cells

Term

Exploratory procedures of Haptic touch

 

Definition

 

 

 

lateral motion

pressure

enclosure

contour following

Term
factors that can influence pain perception (5 factors)
Definition

1- attention to the pain

2- expectations about the pain

3- emotion (related to pleasantness)

4- meaning of pain (perhaps significant cultural pain doesnt feel as bad)

5- cultural differences and gender differences

Term

Merkel Receptor:

 

location, adaptation, receptive field, perceptual correlate

Definition

l : border between epidermis and the dermis

 

a: slow and continuous

 

r: small

 

pc: fine detail and slow pressure

Term

Meissner Corpuscle:

 

location, adaptation, receptive field, perceptual correlate

Definition

l: dermis (just below epidermis)

 

a: rapid/change

 

r: small

 

pc: flutter and hand grip control

Term

Ruffini Cylinder

 

location, adaptation, receptive field, perceptual correlate

Definition

l: dermis

 

a: slow and continuous

 

r: large

 

pc: stretching

Term

Pacinian Corpuscle

 

location, adaptation, receptive field, perceptual correlate

Definition

l: subcutaneous fat

 

a: rapid and change

 

r: large

 

pc: vibration and deep pressure

Term
Mechanoreceptors (4)
Definition

merkel receptor

 

meissner corpuscle

 

ruffini cylinder

 

pacinian corpuscle

Term

  Explain how sound grouping can affect our ultimate perception of a sound.  Give specific examples

 

(5 ways)

Definition

basically when we group things we percieve it as one sound

 

1- location (2 cats meowing near each other)

2- proximity in time (2 cats meowing back and forth vs. one cat meowing quickly)

3- experience (previous knowledge- top down)

4- similarity of pitch and timbre (auditory stream segmentation (one stream divided into 2 when played quickly)

5-good continuation (shepard tone)

Term
  Describe how a dermatome can be used to locate a spinal infection
Definition

dermatome: specific part of the body which corresponds to a specific vertebra of the spinal chord

 

since the relationship exists between the dermatome and the vertebrae, the appearance of an infection on a specific dermatome yeilds to the vertebrae which is/are infected

Term
Gate Control Theory
Definition

L fibers, S fibers and central control effect t cells and the perception of pain

 

through SG+ and SG-

Term
Comment on the adaptive significance of pain and the consequences of losing this sense
Definition

pain allows us to notice something is wrong with our body to fix it...not perceived, our body is in trouble

 

*spontaneous combustion*

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