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Definition
| Reminds us that much more is going on every moment and we'll take for granted and won't see underlying causes of how we feel/are. Too many people are in the now and aren't critical thinkers. We are always somewhere in between. Ex: like dreams, inception |
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| How do I see the world and what is it telling me? How do we free ourselves? Manipulation: by government, producers, other people; men get distinguished as they are while women get tossed; we are filled with orientations and biases; large beauty bias: young women are looked at while middle-aged and older are ignored. Ex: old woman vs young woman picture |
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| Simple road map to point A to point B; intuition embedded in this; makes things easier |
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| Kurt Lewin's Field Theory |
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Definition
| Looked at how context changes people; "social field". Said context matters |
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| Fritz Heider's Thing and Medium |
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Definition
| Said everything has context; can we change context? Said context matters |
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| Most important; the study and recognition that individuals and groups of people are embedded in an active surrounding, including culture, society, family, and the environment. We have to be able to recognize these influences Ex: temperature is a contextual influence bc context affects things |
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| The study and recognition that individuals, groups of people, and the environment take part in: mutual influence, a natural transaction of participation and consequence, bidirectional control and counter-control, and non-obvious joint influences that result in potentially profound effects. Ex: student and teacher interaction, each affect one another; never just one way |
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| The working theoretical assumption that people and individuals prefer a consistent, predictable, familiar world; that this world includes their physical and mental worlds. We desire continuity in life. Ex: safety, food, love |
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| Consequence of social, behavioral, emotional, cognitive influences. Ex: I am a social outcome; product of dynamics of my life. Individual differences, provides idea that we are changeable and will change. |
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| The effect that words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes, or behavior. |
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| The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. |
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| The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world |
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| Gerald Edelmann's Neural Darwinism |
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Definition
| Understanding that the brain has structure, but is very complex. We are born in an unlabeled world; we need others to help label the world for us. |
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| Process that integrates various sources of info about another into an overall judgement. Ex: notice if someone is tall, short, young, or old |
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| Classification of people in groups based on common attributes; judgments built by schemas |
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| A fixed way of thinking about people that puts them into categories and doesn't allow for individual differences |
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| Advantages of Categorization |
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Definition
| Help label the world so we can work with it; process info quickly; info is handled efficiently |
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| Disadvantages of Categorization |
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Definition
| Inhibits inquiry (No second guessing or re-examining); info can be censored (fail to acknowledge certain info about a person); schema only sees what it wants to see; selectivity (stressing of certain things like appearance) |
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| A reluctance to do much extra thinking; opposite is critical thinking |
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| Asch (1946) Central Trait Words |
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| A trait that is associated with many of a person's other characteristics. Ex: warm is associated with polite while cold may be associated with blunt |
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| Brings in the details, parts. More detailed than structural analysis |
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| How something looks/feels; sight |
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| What something is made of; schema |
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| Context that object works in, is in; environment affects this |
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| Have to ask who is the perceiver; don't want Groupthink (bias) |
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| Inductive goals of science |
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| Describe an event/phenomenon; discover relationships to form a theory |
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| Deductive goals of science |
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| Process used to make inferences about the causes of our behavior |
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| Why do we seek to make attributions? |
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Definition
| Gain control of ourselves/situation; gain understanding; develop new categories; reduce uncertainty |
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Definition
| Places the cause inside of the person; ex: I failed the test bc I didn't study |
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| Seek the cause; ignore internal and point outside to influence, context of behavior. Ex: I failed the test bc the professor asked unfair questions |
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| Correspondence Inference Theory |
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| A means by which to diagnose/predict which attribution is right; rational only about internal attributions |
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| More likely to make internal attribution about socially undesirable behavior |
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| More likely to make internal attribution about behavior that is perceived as freely chosen |
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| More likely to make internal attribution about behavior that is not common |
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| How strongly two things are related to one another. When social perceivers expect two things to go together, they tend to overestimate the actual degree of covariation |
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| Able to think of multiple causes to elicit a response. Ex: a judge gives the death penalty to a criminal, and we might conclude that she is a tough judge but we would be less likely to conclude this if we knew that the law requires the death penalty for the crime |
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| Entity (observer attribution) |
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Definition
| When the observer tries to figure out attribution which results in self-blame |
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| Circumstance (External Attribution) |
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| Old external attributions |
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| Actor (Internal Attribution) |
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| Old internal attributions |
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| Look to how others are acting; if everyone is doing something it is a high consensus |
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| Looking at behavior over time |
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| Looking at how often a behavior occurs |
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| Fundamental Attribution error |
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Definition
| Tendency to make internal attributions over external attributions in explaining behavior of others (others) |
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| Actor Observer effect (attrib error) |
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Definition
| Tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external attributions, but others' behaviors to internal attributions (others and self) |
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| Self-serving bias (attrib error) |
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Definition
| Making attributions to only the self; tendency to assign internal attributions to positive outcomes and external attributions to internal attributions (self) |
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| Things that are undesirable/uncommon/unusual |
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| Self as Knower (verb), subjective awareness |
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| Self as known (noun); what you know about yourself; object |
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| What you look like; descriptive Ex: clothes, car |
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| People that surround you; who you surround yourself with is a description of who you are |
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| Religious, philosophy ("time on task") |
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| Need engagement in society to determine our self |
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| Self-Appearance to Others |
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| Society has big influence |
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| Consequential Self-Feelings |
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| Presence of others; influence you |
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Term
| Gallup Studies in Comparative Psych |
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Definition
| Scientists use this as a suggestion of self-awareness; studies are done on chimps, raised chimps in isolation vs control group who had social interaction, put red mark on forehead; social interaction chimps looked in mirror and wiped it off, isolated chimps looked in mirror, thought it was another chimp and freaked out |
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| Meltzoff and Moore; Infant Facial Mimicry |
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Definition
| Baby can mimic at 3 months; mimics adult feelings |
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| Play "mom and dad" or "cops and robbers" |
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| Judged by your effectiveness; more at stake, beginning of adulthood. Ex: getting good grades |
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| Look at yourself for improvements |
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| When asked to describe yourself do you use words that indicate a place (desire to be grounded/domesticated/consistency ) or a space (exposure, ambition. We like things to be consistent |
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| A person's evaluation of his/her self concept. Positive or negative |
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| Sum total of person's thoughts/feelings; defines self as object |
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Definition
| A cluster of socially defined expectations that people are expected to fill. |
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Definition
| Organized system of beliefs/knowledge about some object, event, person, thing which are built up from experience which selectively guides processing of new info |
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Definition
| McGuire; context matters; a place becomes a trigger to self concept; environment is major determinant in activating self-schemas; happens when someone asks you, "so tell me about yourself" |
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Definition
| Aspects of a person's self concept based on group membership |
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Definition
| Basking in reflected glory; One associates themselves with those who are successful and take on their successes as their own |
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| Cutting off Reflected Failure; ex: sore loser |
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| Born with this; ethnic background ex: what would you do to save your people? |
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Definition
| High: When one uses cues from others about behavior/beliefs so as to adjust to one's own self-presentation. Low: opposite of this; both can be pos or neg |
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| Self Awareness and Self Knowledge |
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Definition
| Butterworth's definition of S.A.: To be self aware means you can differentiate from your own self/another self; sense of freedom (choice, will). Perceived sense of self continuation over time |
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Definition
| Slight loss of self-esteem, evaluation apprehension, greater adherence to social standards |
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| Intensification of affect (emotions), be ourselves, clarification of knowledge, greater adherence to private standards |
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| Side no one knows; playful fantasies; risk of fantasy exposure; relief from expectancies |
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Definition
| Process of seeking out and interpreting situations so as to maintain high self esteem. Be careful of illusion of positivism. |
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Definition
| Process of seeking out and interpreting situations, as to confirm one's self concept. Address a person's desire to know themselves; process of downward social comparison |
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Definition
| Reading/social construction of self-concept. All different identities (gf, student, daughter, etc). Helps when one "self" goes through a hard time. |
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Definition
| Self-consequence of complexity; maintain the integrity of the self |
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| Strategic Self Presentation (First Impressions: Social tactics and Strategies) |
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Definition
| Deliberate effort to shape other people's impressions |
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Definition
| Arouse positive feelings by noticing another; individual attempts to become more attractive or likeable to their target |
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Definition
| One's positive attributes and accomplishments |
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| Influence (posture, hand shaking, eye contact) |
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| Aroused sympathy for one's own weaknesses |
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| Playing down one's achievements |
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| Actions that people take to sabotage their performance and enhance opportunity to exercise failure. Ex: drink before exam |
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Definition
| A positive or negative evaluation of an object. Predicts and forecasts future behavior. |
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Definition
| Specificity of Attitude (how much someone likes something), Timing of attitude, Trust attitude or not (Look at person's self-awareness. This is correlated with age); strength of attitude |
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Definition
| Affect, Behavior, Cognition |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| If your face is in a frowny position you don't like something but if it is in a smiley position you will like something more |
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Definition
| Touching someone enables you to have a greater influence/connection with them |
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| Instrumental (operant) Conditioning |
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Definition
| Skinner (rat); Association between something and a reward. Ex: A child was praised for drawing abilities so they are naturally inclined in adulthood to go towards the art field. |
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Definition
| People decide on their own attitudes and feelings from watching themselves behave in various situations. |
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Definition
| Suggests that as we are merely exposed to something over a period of time, we will gain a pos or neg attitude towards it. Ex: show a group Chinese characters, but show more than others. The group will like the one shown the most the best |
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Definition
| Pavlov (dog) Form positive attitudes toward negative things by conditioning. Ex: Alcohol makes someone look good. |
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