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| enables its posessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of variety of individuals |
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uses emprical research methods primarily
atempts to clarify social action
uses scientific method |
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include paradigms
-structural/functionalism
-conflict
-symbolic interaction
-feminism
-post modernism |
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| society is a system prior to the individual, composed of interrelated and cooperating elements |
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| obvious/intended function |
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| unintended or hidden function |
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| element which exist in society and interact to produce variations in the form of different types of society |
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coersion is the primary root of social structure/life, not cooperation
-there is competition for power, resources, and prestige among groups within society |
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| power exerted systematically and continuously by a social actor over another |
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| ideal representation of interests of the ruling social actor as universal interests |
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| the study of the self and society and their relations to each other as a process of symbolic communication between social actors |
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| an object or concept can not exist if we do not have aware for it or can not discuss it |
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| standards, codes of behavior |
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| obligations, rights, and expected behaviors attached to status |
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power exists in all human relationships
traditionally wormen and minorities have been exploited/discriminated against by white males |
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| diffusion of power amongst the individual and removing it from those who have been traditionally in power |
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-knowledge is socially situated
-marginalized groups are socially situated in ways that make it possible for them to be aware of things and ask questions then it is for non-marginalized
-research, particularly that focused on power, relations, should begin w/ lines of marginalization |
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refutation of order or universal meaning
research needs to be less objective and involve the individual
old categories no longer apply and must be redefined
true knowledge is in the hands of those who exist in the society situation |
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traditional theory is dominated by the hetero sex and white hegemony and homophobia
sex is no longer binary
varying sexualities and sexual fetishes are no longer |
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sex as theorized in past as full hetero or homo
--new theory argues sex as continuum and changing indivdual |
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| activities which offend the sensibilities of society |
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| who usually is blamed but not the cause |
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deviation from property or a stake of normality
-leads to social ill
-tends to be viewed as illness |
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crime is a function of society
-necesary
-defining crime can change over time |
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| deviance is defined differently by different groups of people |
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| sanctioning of deviance (process) |
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offense is identified
offender is confronted
sanction is applied |
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crime and deviance stems from own cultures emphasis on financial success
-goals and mean can be acceptable and unacceptable
- |
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| accepts attitudes to goals and to means |
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| accepts attitude toward goals but rejects to means to get there |
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| rejects attitude toward goals but accepts means to get there |
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| rejects both attitudes toward goals and means to do them |
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| either rejects goals and means and or substitutes them with something else |
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deviance is interaction between people of rules and people who violate them
-deviance is result of offense being defined-rule created
-offense pointed out, society must accept its an offense
-offense offenders identified |
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| results of successful crusade |
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new rule or law
may take on another issue |
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| results of unsuccessful crusade |
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| preservation of the group kept stance |
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detached
objective
skeptical of reform
-provide justification of existance
prove enforcement is successful |
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| the law, norms, and other social constrictions on activity are flexible |
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| techniques of neutralization |
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cut across social categories
do not completely eliminate sanctions
some may be better than others |
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denies intent
argues that others social structures, or social ills force violation
-allows for alienation of the self from the act |
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mal in se- wrong acts
mala prohibit a=acts that are prohibited but not immoral
-the act is separated from the consequence
society sometimes allows arguing |
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there is no victim
the victim deserved it because they were bad
physical absence or proximity may play a role |
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| condemnation of the condemners |
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motive becomes important
the accuser is acting in an innapropriate manner
"they" are the ones who are bad
does not eliminate responsibility, changes discussion |
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| appeal to higher loyalties |
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role conflict (group v. society)
vow v. imperative
socialization plays a role
deviance may be a degree of conformity |
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| a social attribute which is discrediting for an individual or group |
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of the body
of character
of social collectives |
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what happens when normals are stigmatized
stigmatized may feel unsure of being identified as being discredited |
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controls are bonds between us and society
-if bonds are weak or do not exist, an individual is more likely to be deviant |
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| concepts f control theory |
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elements of bond (attachments)
commitment (common sense) |
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| learned differential association |
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Definition
through interaction w/ others
just like any other learning
especially intimate relationships |
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| differential associations |
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Definition
directly impacted by social organizations
differ in amount of contacts, importance of contact, temporal nature of contact |
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| deviance doesn't just violate legal norms it is dangerous and hurtful to society |
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| acts which violate our sense of decency |
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| acts can be deviant/criminal simply because they are legally or socially prohibited |
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| societies may develop new forms of deviance or seek out individuals to label as deviant in order to explain social change or social ills |
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| socially constructed deviance |
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| elements of character/nature to be attributed to those who commit deviance |
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| includes search for internal and external enemies within scapegoat deviance |
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| search for external enemies |
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brings together conflicted groups within to battle a common foe
removes tension of social ills
"evil enemy image" |
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| search for internal enemies |
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when no external enemy may be found
stands in for conflicting elements of society |
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| symbolic process in public designations of deviance |
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| symbolic importance of the form of deviance leads to different public responses towards the deviant |
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agents of government are only persons with legit to represent society
-promote society interest |
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crucial impact on individuals actions
-acts of officials, legislation, court decisions
-rely on reinforcement, no enforcement, no impact |
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do not reply on enforcement
-applies meaning to action that is not immediate
has meaning beyond initial meaning |
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| williams patterned evasion of norms |
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Definition
when law proscribes behavior which still happens in a socially organized manner and is seldom punished
-abortion
-function which results in a balance between cultures of proclaimed norms of morality and norms of controlled behaviors |
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| traits of williams patterned evasion of norms |
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Definition
directs the public institutions to support it
subcultures compete for legitimacy/dominance
usually dramatic events |
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| durkheim (evasion of norms) |
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Definition
violations of norms threatens the existence of the norm
-if instrumental functions are ignored, symbolic interaction allows us to question this |
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admits violation of norm
admits legitimacy of law
explains violation as a lapse of moral judgement
repetance and redemption determine the severity |
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techniques of neutralization
class and social categories can play role |
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do no violate or support norm
uncontrolled action due to illness, no responsibility |
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changes our obligation to the person
changes the obligation of the person
-the sick are different socially than the healthy
-excused from sanity of actions |
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validity of designation is an issue
deviant is neither sick nor repetant
deviant upholds a different norm
refusal to internalize social norm (white collar crime) |
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professional criminals
deviant designation supported by wide social consensus
-uses repetence/illness to control reactions of enforcers
-self seeking, rule avoidance |
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Term
| alexander liazos 3 critiques of sociology of deviance |
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Definition
-label of deviant is stigmatizing leads to differential treatment of those that are labeled
-only the most dramatic types of deviance receive attention
3 power relationships |
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| label of deviant is stigmatizing leads to differential treatment of those that are labeled (critique) |
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Definition
tolerance not equalization
victimization, persecution, and oppression are more accurate
-deviance has underlying meaning
-isnt naturalistic deviance |
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| only the most dramatic types of deviance receive attention...(critique 2 liazos) |
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Definition
focus on nuts, sluts, and perverts negates deviance of upper class
violence can be physical, emotional, social |
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| power relationships (critique 3 liazos) |
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Definition
power can exist on all situations
role in deviance overlooked
power influences what is deviant and what is not deviant
-power usually held unequally |
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widespread concern of fear of evil enemies of society which mean it harm
-fear out of proportion to the actual threat
-fear has a social foundation |
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| an interaction between claim makers/mass media/moral entrepreneurs results in creation of discourse where groups/individuals became demonized & are linked to social ills in the societ |
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1st stage= deviance or impact
2nd stage= inventory
-medias portrayal, processes info
=exaggeration, distortion |
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exaggeration of seriousness of events
mode and style of presentations |
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constant threat of recurrence
argument of a pattern
exaggeration escalation |
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info leads to definition
keys become negatively viewed |
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| 3 processes of symbolization |
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word becomes symbolic
object becomes symbolic of the word
objects become object of status |
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| a process w/ no intentional biases but leads to simplification and interpretation which structures meaning around the news value of the event |
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diffusion
escalation
innovation |
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| collective behavior (smelser) |
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Definition
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| stages of development (smelser) |
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strain-deviance
anxiety
identification of agents
belief control is inadequate
belief in organization of norms-new law
specific law created |
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commercial
ideological
denunciation of deviance
-social circumstances must also be conducive to creation of panic |
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boundary crisis
-period where uncertainty is resolved through ritualistic confrontation w/ deviants |
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| widespread, volatile, hostile, overreactive |
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new laws
persecutions
removal of minorities
social change |
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| movement of men out of specific fields due to social change |
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