Term
| Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
>sensorimotor: birth-2yr; knowing comes from experience; imitation
>pre-operational: 2-6yr; symbolic thought, recognize and use symbols, acquire language; beeker experiment
>concrete operational: 7-11yrs, rules/relationships, knowing comes from understanding cause and effect
>formal operational: 12+yrs, abstract thought, knowing results from evaluation and seeing multiple meanings |
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Term
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Definition
Justice = splitting straight up and down
Fairness = considering individual circumstances |
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Term
| How does Piaget contribute to public policy? |
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Definition
| importance of early stimulation, head start, quality childcare |
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Term
Charles Cooley's- the looking glass self
What we think of ourselves depends on how other's see us |
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Definition
step 1: imagine how we appear to other people
step 2: imagine how other people judge
step 3: if we think evaluation is favoriable, our self-concept is enhanced, if we think it is unfavorable our self-concept is diminished |
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Term
| Mead: theory of social self |
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Definition
- self is not present at birth, self is socially constructed via an exchange of symbols
-role of intention = animals cannot see intentions, humans can |
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Term
| Cooley's Stages in Role Taking |
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Definition
Preparatory Stage: 2-3 years, child imitates without understanding
Play: 3-5 years, imitates and understands as a role of significant other (nurse, teacher, mom, etc; evaluates self in relation to others
Game: imitates and understands the role of the generalized other |
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Term
| Who is the generalized other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is stages in role taking theory a radical social view of self? |
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Definition
| rejects freud and piaget, modifies coolet |
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Term
| most important agent of personal socialization |
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Definition
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
cultural capital: travel, etc.
social capital: connections |
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Term
| Melvin Kohn says middle class parents instill ______ and working class parents instill ___. |
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Definition
mid: adventuresomeness, creativity, risk taking, social and cultural capital
work: obedience and conformity |
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Term
| 1st experience with struggling and failing? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| treating everyone the same |
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Term
| "we swim like a fish in water" |
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Definition
| only 8% of advertizing is consciously recieved, we do not notice |
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Term
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Definition
| placing product in shows so advertizing can't be skipped |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization: |
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Definition
| "rehearses" for future positions occupations and social relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| discard old behaviors and accept new ones |
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Term
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Definition
| socialization from younger to older |
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Term
| socialization in the life course: |
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Definition
childhood: carefree or not?
adolescence: cultural inconsistency
adulthood: career and new family
old age: revered or not? |
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Term
| What is meant by nature is nurture? |
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Definition
| what we thought was instinctual is actually learned through social experience |
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Term
| what settings have special significance for how we live and grow? |
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Definition
| family, school, work, friends |
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Term
| what does the phrase "looking glass self" mean? |
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Definition
| how we think of ourselves depends on how others see us |
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Term
| how do our experiences change over the life course? |
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Definition
| society structures our basis of experience on age |
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Term
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Definition
| a number of people who may never meet, but have a similar characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more people who identify and interact. |
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Term
| What turns a crowd into a social group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the study of groups important? |
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Definition
| group members assume values of groups they belong to, values are ideas held in common of what is right and wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| shape individual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| specific guidelines for behavior which are consistent with group values |
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Term
| What do group pressures do? |
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Definition
| shape individual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| penalties or rewards designed to enforce compliance; may be formal or informal |
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Term
| What did Miligram's research proove? |
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Definition
| people will likely follow directions of ordinary individuals, not just those of authority. |
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Term
| What did Asch's research prove? |
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Definition
| 33% of subjects compromised their judgement to avoid being seen as different |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of group members to desire a consensus |
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Term
| what is wrong with consensus? |
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Definition
| shuts down creativity, having a consensus doesn't mean the answer is correct |
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Term
| what is a reference group? |
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Definition
| a point of reference for self-evaluation |
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Term
| What did Stouffer's research prove? |
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Definition
| in units where promotion rates are high, soldiers rated chances of promotion low |
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Term
| What do in-groups possess? Out-groups? |
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Definition
| valued attributions; devalued, often stigmatized attributes |
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Term
| What does tension between groups do? |
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Definition
| sharpen boundaries and give people a clearer social identity |
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Term
| Characteristics of primary groups. |
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Definition
-small and intimate
-long-lasting
-among the 1st groups we experience in life
-feeling of completely belonging |
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Term
| Why are primary groups an "end into themselves"? |
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Definition
| membership is it's own reward |
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Term
| Characteristics of secondary groups |
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Definition
-large and impersonal
-weak emotional ties |
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Term
| Why are secondary groups a "means to the end"? |
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Definition
- you have to get something from them
- goal orientation
-you're in the group to get something for a primary group |
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Term
| If belongingness is nutured in primary groups, what is implied about what happens in secondary groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the dynamics of a Dyad? |
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Definition
-face-to-face
-intense
-unstable |
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Term
| What are the dynamics of a Triad? |
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Definition
-more stable
-mediator
-instigator
-clique (1st instance of out group) |
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Term
| What are dynamics of a large group? |
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Definition
-increase in stablilty
-more impersonal
-more potential for conflicts |
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Term
| As a group grows, what happens to the relations? |
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Definition
| they increase faster than the number of people |
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Term
| What are social networks? |
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Definition
| a web of social ties (weak) |
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Term
| characteristics of female relationships: |
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Definition
| more friends and relatives (and more females) |
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Term
| characteristics of male relationships: |
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Definition
| more co-workers (and more men) |
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Term
| which is more powerful? female relationships or male relationships? |
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Definition
| men hav emore friends who an do things for you interms of work, women have more intimate relationships |
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Term
| What is a formal organization? |
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Definition
| large secondary groups that are organized to achieve goals efficiently |
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Term
| What dimensions of a group affect our behavior and what is ultimately produced? |
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Definition
| norms, pressures, values- conformity |
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Term
| In what way is rationality rational? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ways of acting, thinking, and material objects that together form a people's way of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who interact in a defined teritorial space, guided by a social structure and who share a culture |
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Term
| why is culture essential to existance? |
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Definition
| provides tools for survival |
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Term
| What are the elements of culture? |
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Definition
| symbols, lantuage, values, norms |
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Term
| what 3 tasks does language accomplish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the words we use determine our reality? |
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Definition
| probablt not, but certainly influence perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| an unconscious form of communication and cultural transmission |
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Term
| what is a universally understood body language? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| standards people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beneficial; serves as guidelines for living in a particular society |
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Term
| What are the 10 core american values and what do they produce? |
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Definition
freedom -> individualism
equal opportunity -> not outcome
individuality achievement ->sports metaphors
material comfort -> consumerism
activity and work ->ruled by the clock
practicallity and efficiency -> how well does it work
progress -> latest, greatest
science -> control
democracy ->individual choice
group superiority ->ethnocentrism |
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Term
| What are norms important? |
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Definition
| the make interactions predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| generally written down and require strict observance (law) |
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Term
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Definition
| generally understood but not written (personal hygiene) |
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Term
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Definition
| strongly held with moral/ethical connotations, made into laws or taboos (child murder/molestation) |
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Term
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Definition
| informal norms who's violations raise little concern (boy walks on street side) |
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Term
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Definition
| rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to norms |
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Term
| when we have successfully internalized a norm, our behavior is... |
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Definition
| conformity (community creates positive sanctions, formal and informal) |
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Term
| failure to internalize a social norm results in... |
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Definition
| non-conformity (community creates positive sanctions, informal and formal) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| expectations embodied in value and norms |
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Term
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Definition
| actual behavior that occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| involve not just difference, but heirarchy; differ in patters of mores, folkways, and values from the dominant culture. (i.e. amish, orthodox jews, hip hop culture, computer hackers) |
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Term
| what is perspective recognizing the contributions of all cultures? |
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Definition
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Term
| advantages of multiculturalism? |
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Definition
promotes cultural relativism
promotes tolerance and trade |
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Term
| what is cultural relativism? |
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Definition
| practice of judging other cultures on it's own standards |
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Term
| what are the disadvantages of multiculturalism? |
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Definition
| often generates backlash (ethnocentrism- awareness and excluding of other cultures) |
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Term
| What are counter cultures? |
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Definition
| subcultures that strongly oppose norms and values of the whole culture (i.e. hippies, militia movement, KKK) |
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Term
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Definition
| invention, discovery, diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| new cultural form (plow, computer) |
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Term
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Definition
| previously unknown or unrecognized (smallpox vaccine) |
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Term
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Definition
| from one group to another group (airplanes, starbucks, fast food, jeans) |
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Term
| Where did Japan's cultural emphasis on communalism and harmony come from? |
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Definition
| a pre-industrial economy based on a system of rice paddy cultivation requiring a very strong communal work ethic |
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Term
| characteristics of Japan's bureaucracy: |
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Definition
| collctive decision making, flexible rules or procedures, holistic personal relations, personal is primary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where did America's emphasis on individualism and competition come from? |
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Definition
| pre-industrial economy growing out of rejection of centralized political and religious authority, system of individual family farms and frontier independence |
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Term
| what does Max Weber call the western path? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculations |
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Term
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Definition
| values products above producers, workers no longer control the end product of their labor |
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Term
| Characteristics of american bureaucracy |
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Definition
| top-down decision making,specific rules and procedures,impersonality, business is primary |
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Term
| can western rationality be irrational? |
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Definition
| yes; efficiency, predictability, uniformity; surpresses creativity |
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Term
| the future of western rationality holds... |
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Definition
| technology encourages more communication and some creativity (though not face to face) |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifelong experience by which people develop their human potential and learn their culture (tools for survival) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a person's fairly consistent pattern of thinking feeling and acting |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease in which you think, learn, and solve problems; are you intelligent or foolish? do you follow group norms or ignore them? |
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Term
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Definition
| set feelings, such as trust, love, hate, anger; are you mature or childish? authorative or submissive? adventurous or fearful? trusting or suspecting? |
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Term
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Definition
| expressive aspect of personality; are you friendly? outoing? poised? withdrawn? shy? sensitive? |
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Term
| Henry and Margaret Harlow |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Freud's model of the personality |
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Definition
ID: part of the personality that demands instant gratification --> urge
EGO: balances the ID and the Superego; reality oriented -->happy medium
SUPEREGO: internalized values and moral conscience -->don't do it if its wrong |
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Term
| Temptation Marshmallow video: |
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Definition
ID: getting 2/waiting til the end
EGO: Ate at the beginning
SUPEREGO: eating nibbles |
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Term
| Overdeveloped ID over SUPEREGO: |
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Definition
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Term
| overdeveloped super ego over ego = |
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Definition
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