Term
Based on the model of Kahl and Gilbert, which social class is most shaped by education?
A ) capitalist class
B ) upper middle class
C ) lower middle class
D ) working class |
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Term
The Most Industrialized Nations are relatively evenly spread over the northern and southern hemispheres of the world.
A ) True
B ) False |
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Definition
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In World Systems Theory, what term refers to most Africa and Asia nations that are left out of the development of industrial capitalism?
A ) core nations
B ) external areas
C ) periphery nations
D ) semiperiphery nations |
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Definition
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In the caste system, a person of one caste is prohibited by traditional religious doctrine from courting or marrying someone of another caste.
A ) True
B ) False |
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Definition
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What are the two basic reasons that poor nations remain at the bottom of the world stratification order?
A ) the legacy of war and the persistence of poverty
B ) the competition between socialism and capitalism and the lack of markets
C ) the existence of neocolonialism and the influence of multinational corporations
D ) world-wide recession and international terrorism |
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Definition
| C ) the existence of neocolonialism and the influence of multinational corporations |
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Term
Social stratification is a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according
to their relative property, prestige, and power.
Answer: TRUE
A ) True
B ) False |
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Definition
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The Most Industrialized Nations contain a little over one-sixth of the world's population, and a little less than one-third of the world's land.
A ) True
B ) False |
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Definition
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Term
What is the major characteristic of the class system?
A ) Once a person is born into a social class he or she is blessed or cursed for life.
B ) A class system has fluid boundaries that permit movement up and down the class ladder.
C ) A class system ensures that no one is locked in poverty.
D ) In a class system, categories of people are equally distributed in the class structure. |
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Definition
| B ) A class system has fluid boundaries that permit movement up and down the class ladder. |
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Term
Which group of theorists believe the purpose of the welfare system is to maintain an army of reserve workers?
A ) structural
B ) functionalist
C ) symbolic interactionist
D ) conflict |
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Definition
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Term
The United States has never taken part in any form of colonialism, exploiting another, weaker nation for its natural resources.
A ) True
B ) False |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a society? It seems obvious that people who speak the same language and live in the same geographic area could be called a society. However, a closer examination of what makes up a society might reveal some surprising concepts. |
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Definition
- Planet Internet. Are people now in a global society joined by the Internet? Internet users do speak a common language (Computerese or Microsoftish), but they don't live in a common geographic area.
- Female society and Male society. Gender classification divides Earth's population into two large societies.
- Continental society. Is there a North American Society made up of citizens of Canada, the United States, and Mexico? What do they have in common other than geographic location?
- National society. The countries of Western Europe (and more recently Eastern and Southeastern Europe) do not share a common language or even convenient geography. Yet, they have formed a society, known as the European Union, which has its own trade laws, currency, governing body, and numerous other identifiable social structures. |
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Definition
| (1860-1935). She was a successful advocate of combining sociology with social reform. She also founded Hull House in 1889 in the Chicago slums for relief for immigrants, the sick, the poor, and the elderly. As a leader in women's rights and for women's suffrage (the right for women to vote), as well as in the World War I peace movement, she was also the co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 – the only sociologist so honored. |
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Definition
| the belief that, due to limitless possibilities, anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough |
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Definition
| (1798-1857), French. Founded and coined the term sociology (the study of being with others). Focused on discovering social principles and applying them to social reform. An armchair philosopher, not a true scientist; he did no research; drew his conclusions from observing the social life around him. |
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| •William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Du Bois (1868-1963). As the first African- American to earn a Harvard doctorate, W.E.B. Du Bois studied race relations between African-Americans and whites, combining the role of social reformer with that of academic sociologist. He founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAAACP), which remains an excellent example of applied sociology. |
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Definition
| (1868-1963). As the first African- American to earn a Harvard doctorate, W.E.B. Du Bois studied race relations between African-Americans and whites, combining the role of social reformer with that of academic sociologist. He founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAAACP), which remains an excellent example of applied sociology. |
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Definition
| (1858-1917), French. Worked to have sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline; prior to his work, sociology was considered simply part of history and economics. Appointed to the first sociology academic position by the University of Bordeaux (1887). Developed one of the core concepts of sociology: social integration. He researched and compared the suicide rates of several countries and determined that people were more likely to commit suicide if their ties (social integration) to other members in their communities were weak. |
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Definition
| (1802-1876), English. Born only four years after Comte, Harriet Martineau was one of the earliest researchers to focus on social issues. She hid her writings because they were considered a "masculine" pursuit. Translated Comte's work into English. Published Society in America (1837), in which she reported on the new nation's customs, including family, race and gender issues, politics, and religion. Her insightful and valuable observations of U.S. life, which are still of great value, were ignored. |
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Definition
| (1818-1883), German. He believed that class conflict would cause social change. Argued that capitalists (wealthy property owners, the bourgeoisie) were in conflict with the exploited working classes (owners of nothing, the proletariat). He advocated revolution as a way to right this imbalance, resulting in a redistribution of wealth and property. A new classless society, allowing people to work according to their abilities and receive according to their needs, would arise. Marxism is the term given to his theories. (A later economic system called communism is based on his ideas.) |
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Definition
| (1916-1962). He objected to sociology's shift from social activism to abstract social theory. He urged a return to social reform, based upon his fears that a power elite (of top leadership from business, politics, and the military) was rapidly merging its mutual interests and threatening freedom. C. Wright Mills strongly influenced the new generation of socially active sociologists that arose in the turbulent American decades of the 1960s and 1970s. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1902-1979). He is one of the first sociologists to move the science's focus from social reform to social theory. His basic (or pure) sociological approach developed abstract models of societies that illustrated how their parts worked together harmoniously; they did nothing to stimulate social activism or reform. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1854-1926). He founded the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago (1892) and dominated sociology in North America for years. He founded the American Journal of Sociology and served as its editor from 1895-1925. Members of this early sociology department and their ideas influence sociology to this day. |
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Definition
| (1820-1903), English. Considered the second founder of sociology, he developed the theory of social Darwinism. Believed that the evolution of society would naturally progress from barbarian levels to civilized levels by survival of the fittest (the smartest, most capable humans) and the extinction of the unfit (the less intelligent and less capable). He did not want do-gooders to interfere in this social evolutionary process by aiding the survival of unfit humans. |
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Definition
| (1864-1920), German. He used cross-cultural and historical information to trace social change and how membership in a social group influences a person's orientation to life. His term "Protestant ethic" defines the belief that financial success means that God is on your side, that salvation comes by living simply, saving money, investing your savings, and making more money. He further termed this Protestant reinvestment strategy the spirit of capitalism; he believed this behavior started capitalism and that it flourishes in Protestant countries. His linking of religion with the origins of capitalism was controversial in his time and still is today. |
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Term
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Definition
| people or groups that affect your self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together. People waiting in a checkout line or drivers stopped at a red light are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| two terms sometimes confused with "group" |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceived in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals, many workers begin to feel more like objects than people. A result of workers being cut off from the finished product of their labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product. This leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; also used in the general sense of not feeling a part of something. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition resulting from status inconsistency |
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Term
| anticipatory socialization: |
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Definition
| describes one who learns a role in anticipation of taking that role on in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of sociology to solve problems-from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a leader who leads by giving orders |
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Term
| basic (or pure) sociology: |
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Definition
| sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make changes in those groups |
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Term
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Definition
| To achieve more efficient results, this new form of social organization was shifting the emphasis from personal loyalties to the "bottom line." |
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Term
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Definition
This group has clear levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward.
A division of labor. Written rules, Written communications and records. Impersonality and replaceability. |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority; a clear division of labor with emphasis on written rules, communications, and records. Impersonality of positions |
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Term
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Definition
| the wealthy who own the means of production and buy the labor of the working class |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which one's status is determined by birth and is lifelong |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification in which one's status is determined by birth and is lifelong |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of people who share similar characteristics such as all college women who wear glasses or all men over 6 feet tall. Unlike groups, the individuals who make up a category neither interact with one another nor take one another into account. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually not based on racism, but on debt, crime, and war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Karl Marx's term for awareness of a shared identity based on one's position in the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| Karl Marx's term for awareness of a shared identity based on one's position in the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions |
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Term
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Definition
| Students that don't know each other, work together on a project, get along well, begin to sit together in class, plan a party at one of their homes. This type of social network, the clusters within a group, or its internal factions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some group members align themselves against others. In triads, two members may feel strong bonds and prefer one another. This leaves a third person feeling hurt and excluded. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one nation takes over another, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one nation takes over another, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| to separate acts from feelings or attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| Inequality, power, conflict, competition, and exploitation are key terms used when discussing this. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of groups competing for scarce resources |
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Term
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Definition
the theory that, although superficial alliances and cooperation may be visible in a society (e.g., membership in the United Nations), the underlying truth is quite different: all of the groups in that society are competing against each other for scarce resources in an eternal struggle for power.
•A classic example of conflict theory from a global perspective now surrounds the global warming issue "Is Earth's climate changing because of human activities?" This issue has polarized humanity into two camps: the Third World countries, generally, who believe that if people don't stop polluting the planet, the planet will die, and the Superpowers, who believe that climate change follows normal cycles, that Earth has the capacity to absorb pollutants and heal itself, or that alarmists are unnecessarily frightening humanity for publicity's sake.
•Political power struggles at the national level between the "have" classes and the "have-not" classes have been involved with genocide, drought, war, dictatorship, famine, smuggling of "blood diamonds," and diseases like HIV in the African countries of Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Sierra Leone, leaving the people of these countries to live in chaos, fear, and hunger. This chaos and unrest have destroyed the frameworks that supported the societal structures in these nations; they illustrate the worst and most tragic examples of conflict theory in operation.
•Conflict theory also governs interactions within small groups and especially in a family. The traditional family, defined as the breadwinning male head (father) and the nurturing, stay-at-home mother, can be thrown into a dysfunctional tailspin if the mother decides that she wants enter the workplace, whether for career reasons or out of financial necessity. A power struggle can erupt, as can haggling over unequal responsibilities that arise. Needless to say, major adjustments to the equilibrium of this kind of family in an attempt to restore its functional structure can be a wrenching experience! |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that two control systems - inner controls and outer controls -work against one's tendencies to deviate |
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Term
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Definition
| Sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kanter stresses this contains hidden values. These values create a self-fulfilling prophecy that affects people's corporate careers. |
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Term
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Definition
| orientations that characterize corporate work settings |
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Term
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Definition
| a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of norms written into law |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the legitimate objectives held out to the members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone comes from different backgrounds and has a different set of personal ideals and values. You also share backgrounds, ideals, and values with larger groups. This is comprised of many aspects, such as language, clothing, food, assumptions of acceptable behavior, hairstyles, gestures and other forms of interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics on to their children |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place |
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Term
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Definition
| One who tries to gain a consensus |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of rules or norms |
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Term
| differential association: |
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Definition
| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance, and a greater likelihood that one will become deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| For the Nazis, the Jews were an out-group that came to symbolize evil. One consequence of biased perception is that harming others can come to be seen as justified. The Nazis weren't alone in their views; many ordinary, "good" Germans defended the Holocaust as this that someone had to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group |
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Term
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Definition
| the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status |
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Term
| downward social mobility: |
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder |
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Term
| downward social mobility: |
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Definition
| movement down the social class ladder |
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Term
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Definition
| George Simmel, sociologist (1858-1918) noted the significance of group size. He used this term for the smallest possible group, consisting of two people. Example, marriage, love affair, close friendships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society |
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Term
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Definition
| A new type of human group (1990s) made its appearance. People meet online in chat rooms to communicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together |
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Term
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Definition
| activities designed to discover, enhance, or maintain ethnic and racial identification |
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Term
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Definition
| having distinctive cultural characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change |
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Term
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Definition
| about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change |
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Term
| expressive leader (or socioemotional leader) |
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Definition
| Usually not recognized as a leader, but certainly is one. This person tries to increase harmony and minimize conflicts. This person stimulates personal bonds and reduces friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activity on behalf of this principle |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the idea that a society functions as a single organism and that in order to function smoothly, its many and varied parts must work together harmoniously. This macro-sociological approach looks at the big picture – the large-scale patterns exhibited by a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure (how a society is organized), functions (a society that is normal, beneficial, and good), dysfunctions (a sick, harmful, and disruptive society), and equilibrium (balance, or the lack of it, in a society) are all terms used when discussing this. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which society sets children onto different courses in life based on their gender |
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Term
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Definition
| unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on gender |
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Term
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Definition
| the behavior and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity |
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Term
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Definition
| the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people based on their presumed race or ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
| the invisible barrier that prevents women from attaining the same jobs/career as men |
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Term
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Definition
| allows men to have higher work-related positions and more desirable work assignments |
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Term
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Definition
| A process where even after the organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it continues. |
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Term
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Definition
| how groups influence us and how we affect groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| The members of this, in contrast, think of themselves as belonging together, and they interact with one another. These affect your life so extensively that they even determine who you are. |
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Term
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Definition
| people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group |
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Term
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Definition
| Irving Janis's term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer. In groupthink, to suggest alternatives (dissent) becomes a sign of disloyalty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mead's term for the self as subject, the active, spontaneous, creative part of the self |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for the individual's inborn basic drives |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs that justify social arrangements; leads to a picture of the world that makes current social arrangements seem inevitable, necessary and fair. |
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Term
| illegitimate opportunity structure: |
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Definition
| opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life |
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Term
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Definition
| groups toward which we feel loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| groups toward which one feels loyalty |
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Term
| individual discrimination: |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of one person by another based on that person's perceived characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| To make slavery even more profitable, slave states passed laws that made babies born to slaves become the property of the slave owners. The children could be sold, bartered or traded. |
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Definition
An interesting, disturbing, aspect of voluntary associations is that the leaders often grow distant from their members and become convinced that only the __________ can be trusted to make the groups important decisions.
Higher members know who will/will not be elected officials prior to elections. Researchers found this puzzling. After investigating, they found that leadership is actually determined behind the scenses. Elected leaders appoint their favored people to chair the key committees. This makes the members aware of their accomplishments and they elect the favored ones as leaders. |
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Term
| institutional discrimination: |
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Definition
| the negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society's institutions; also called systematic discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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Term
| instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader) |
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Definition
| Keeps the group moving towards its goals, tries to keep group members from getting sidetracked. This person is task-oriented, sometimes cause friction as they prod the group to get on with the job. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader |
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Term
| intergenerational mobility: |
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Definition
| the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| Most organizations are run by only a few of their members. Sociologist Robert Michels coined this term to refer to how organizations come to be dominated by a self-perpetuating elite. Most members are passive, and the members of the inner circle keep themselves in power by passing the leadership positions around to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into deviance or conformity |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who leads by being highly permissive |
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Term
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Definition
| One who is highly permissive. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who influences other people |
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Term
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Definition
| ways in which people express their leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| the stages of your life from birth to death |
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which your self develops by internalizing the reactions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| an examination of large-scale patterns of society |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, movies, and television that are directed to mass audiences |
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Term
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Definition
| an examination of small-scale patterns of society |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are singled out for unequal treatment based on their physical and cultural characteristics, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| a philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages groups to express their individual, unique racial and ethnic identities; also called pluralism |
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Term
| multinational corporations: |
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Definition
| companies that operate across many national boundaries; also called transnational corporations |
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Term
| multinational corporations: |
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Definition
| companies that operate across many national boundaries; also called transnational corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown, to a formal prison sentence or an execution |
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Term
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Definition
| the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations |
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Term
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Definition
| the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations |
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Term
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Definition
| communication without words through gestures, space, silence, and so on |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in which many are ruled by a few. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups toward which we feel antagonism. |
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Term
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Definition
| groups toward which one feels antagonism |
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Term
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Definition
| a society or group in which men dominate women; authority is invested in males |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of power among many interest groups, which prevents any single group from gaining control of the government |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing a minority group to relocate |
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Term
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Definition
| the target group to be studied |
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Term
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Definition
| a reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of the scientific method to the social world |
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Term
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Definition
| the official measure of poverty; calculated to include those whose incomes are less than three times a low-cost food budget |
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Term
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Definition
| C. Wright Mills's term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude of prejudging, usually in a negative way |
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Term
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Definition
| a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Our first group, the family, gives us our basic orientations to life. Later, among friends, we find more intimacy and an additional sense of belonging. These groups are what sociologist Charles Cooley called.... By providing intimate, face-to-face interaction, they give us an identity, a feeling of who we are. They are primary in several senses, but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cooley calls these the "springs of life." He means that these, such as the family, friendship groups, and even gangs, are essential to our emotional well-being. Also significant because their values and attitudes become fused into our identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups |
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| prejudice and discrimination based on race |
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| Herbert Hyman's term for a group that people use as standards to evaluate themselves |
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| The groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves. |
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| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors |
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| compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity whose members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles |
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| As necessary as these are for contemporary life, they often fail to satisfy our deep needs for intimate association. Consequently, these tend to break down into smaller primary groups. At school and work, we form friendships. Our interaction with our friends is so important that we sometimes feel that if it weren't for them, school or work "would drive us crazy." The primary groups we form with these, then, serve as a buffer between us and the demands that secondary groups place on us. |
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| Larger, more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal. These are based on some common interest or activity, and their members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses, such as president, manager, worker, or student. |
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| Examples are a college class, the American Sociological Association, a factory, and the Democratic Party. Contemporary society could not function without these. They are part of the way we get our education, make our living, spend our money, and use our leisure time. |
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| the unique to human capacity of being able to see yourself "from the outside;" the picture you gain of how others see you |
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| biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics |
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| the abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone |
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| an individual who significantly influences someone else's life |
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| essential characteristic is that some individuals own other people and has been common in world history. |
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| The Romans, Africans and Greeks had these. It was most common in agricultural societies and the least common among nomads, especially hunters and gatherers. |
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| There are few enough members that each one can interact directly with all the other members. These can be primary or secondary. Example, a wife, husband, and children make up a primary one of these, and workers who take their breaks together are secondary these. |
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| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to each other in wealth, property, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
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| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to each other in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
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| according to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to each other in wealth, property, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
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| a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms |
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| the entire human environment, including direct contact with others |
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| giving privileges and obligations to one group of people while denying them to another |
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| the degree to which people feel a part of social groups |
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| what people do when they are in each other's presence |
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| the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
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| movement up or down the social class ladder |
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| movement up or down the social class ladder |
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| Refers to people who are linked to one another (your family, friends, acquaintances, people at work and school, etc) |
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| the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together |
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| a group's usual and customary social arrangements on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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| some nations are wealthy, others are poor, and some are in between. This layers of groups of people within a nation, the division of nations is |
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| a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, prestige, and power. |
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| the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies to nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group |
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| the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies to nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group |
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| the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group; the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them |
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| people who share a culture and a territory |
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| sociological perspective: |
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| understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context |
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| the scientific study of society and human behavior |
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| social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or a social group |
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| "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal. One adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal |
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| movement up or down the social class ladder due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts |
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| Freud's term for the conscience, the internalized norms and values of social groups |
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| Symbols, interactions, meanings, and definitions are all key terms used when discussing this. These highly useful terms can be applied to roles and interactions people assume with their fathers, mothers, teachers, and employers or ways in which you symbolize or view your institutions (e.g., schools, governments, and religions). |
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the study of how people use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with each other. Prefers to use micro-analysis or take a micro-sociological view of the small-scale patterns of social interaction.
A good, if frivolous, example of this approach would be your first date:
•"Am I wearing the right shirt?"
•"Is my hair okay?"
•"Is my lipstick too dark?"
•"I don't think her father likes me."
•"His mother doesn't seem very happy to meet me!"
•"What did he mean when he asked me if I liked cats?"
•"I asked him to bring me a cannoli, and he brought me a bottle of canola oil instead!"
•"She must think I'm an idiot! Why did I have to keep staring at her tattoo?"
All of the symbols, meanings, definitions, and meetings for this kind of micro-interaction assume gargantuan importance and can make or break a first impression. Everyone has been there! |
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| a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with each other |
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| take the role of the other: |
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| put oneself in someone else's shoes; understand how someone else feels and thinks, thus anticipating how that person will act |
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| the rationalization of society |
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| Bureaucracies, with their rules, regulations, and emphsis on results, would increasingly govern our lives. |
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| The Small world phenomenon |
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| Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) addressed a letter to "TARGETS:" the wife of a student in Cambridge, and a stockbroker in Boston. He sent a letter to starters who did not know these people. He asked them to send the letter to someone they knew on a first-name basis, someone they thought might know the "target." The recipients, were asked to mail the letter to someone they knew who might know the "target," and so on. Q: Would the letters ever reach the "target"? This study lead to the phrase "six degrees of separation." |
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| a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to each other |
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Authoritarian leader,
Democractic leader,
Laissez-faire leader. |
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| a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are controlled by the officials who run the institution |
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| a period of extended youth when young people gradually ease into adult responsibilities |
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| A group of three people. The addition of a third person changes the group. Interaction between the first two people decrease when a third person is added. These are inherently unstable. |
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| a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations |
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| movement up the social class ladder |
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| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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| A special type of group, made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest. |
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| a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest. Also known as voluntary memberships |
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| white-collar crime (also called corporate crime): |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations - for example, bribery of a public official, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing |
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| economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together |
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| economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together |
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