Term
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Definition
| A condition of normlessness in a group or even a whole society when people either no longer know what the norms are or have lost their belief in them. |
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Definition
| Lombroso’s term for people whose deviance he attributed to their more primitive biology. |
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Definition
A theory that stresses how weak bonds between the individual and society free people to deviate, whereas strong bonds make deviance costly.
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Definition
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Definition
| behavior that violates a norm |
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Term
| differential association theory |
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Definition
| a theory that traces deviant behavior to association with other persons who also engage in this behavior |
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Definition
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The sociological synonym for conscience; refers to the tendency of people not simply to learn what the norms are but also to come to believe the norms are right.
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Definition
| A theory that explains deviant behavior as a reaction to having been socially identified as a deviant. |
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Definition
Groups within which there is very high agreement on the norms and strong bonds of attachment among members.
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Definition
The degree to which members of a group are united by shared beliefs.
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Definition
In labeling theory actions that cause others to label an individual deviant. More generally, any deviant acts that result in the commission of other deviant acts.
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Definition
In labeling theory actions carried out in response to having been labeled as deviant. More generally, any deviant acts committed as a result of committing other deviant acts—for example, burglaries committed to support a drug habit.
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds that, as used in control theory, consist of the following: 1. attachments Ties to other people. 2. investments The costs expended to construct a satisfactory life and the current and potential flow of rewards expected. 3. involvements The amount of time and energy expended in nondeviant activities. 4. beliefs Our notions about how we ought to act. |
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Definition
| The degree to which persons in a group have many strong attachments to one another. |
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Definition
| Those things a person risks losing a person protects by conforming to the norms. See social bonds. |
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Definition
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Frustration or discontent caused by being in a disadvantaged position in the social structure.
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Term
| structural strain theories |
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Definition
| Theories that blame deviance on the stress of structural strain; for example, one such theory claims that people commit crimes because of their poverty. |
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Definition
Behavior through which a person deviates from the norms of the surrounding society by conforming to the norms of a subculture.
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Definition
According to Sutherland (1983), crimes committed by “a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his [her] occupation.”
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Term
| Smoking in many public places is becoming more unacceptable. One could say that society is increasingly treating smoking as an: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fraudulent acts are to norm violations |
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Definition
| available crime data indicates that_______males under 24 are more likely to be arrested for burglery |
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Definition
| criminal acts are generally carefully planned ahead of time |
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Term
| excitement, immediate rewards, and are quick |
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Definition
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Term
Lombroso believed that people commit deviant acts because:
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Term
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Definition
| Twin studies indicate that if one identical twin has a criminal record, the odds are ________ that the other twin will have a criminal record. |
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Uniform Crime Report data indicate that arrest rates are highest among persons aged:
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Definition
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Term
Gove argues that deviance begins to decline after age thirty because:
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Definition
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Term
Some researchers argue that people who commit deviant acts are unwilling to defer gratification, are thrill seekers and are indifferent. These character traits are primarily associated with:
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Definition
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Term
The primary focus of this theory of deviance is the creation and maintenance of strong attachments with deviant family members and friends.
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Definition
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Term
The expression, "different strokes for different folks," best describes this theory of deviance.
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Term
According to this theory, crime could be seen as a result of poverty.
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Term
Insider trading would be an example of a/an:
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Definition
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Term
Rather than focusing on why people commit deviant acts, this theory focuses more on why people conform.
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Definition
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Term
Attachments, investments, involvements and beliefs are examples of:
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Linden and Fillmore propose that persons with a low stake in conformity are more likely to form deviant attachments. Which two theories of deviance are they combining?
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Term
A researcher wants to see if a city's high rate of population turnover is associated with the increasing crime rate. Population turnover could be used as a measure of:
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Term
Moral integration is to social integration as:
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Term
If crime is defined as "actions that violate the law," all violent acts would still be "criminal."
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Term
The United States has the highest burglary rate in the developed world.
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Most criminal acts are exciting and involve short-range choices.
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In some countries, females are more likely than males to be arrested for committing crimes.
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Increased testosterone levels are positively associated with increased violent behaviors in women.
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Most juvenile delinquents confined in state institutions have at least one immediate family member who was or had been in jail.
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Definition
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Term
Subcultural theories of deviance help to explain why people feel guilty when they commit deviant acts.
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Definition
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Term
Structural strain theory predicts more crime than actually occurs.
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Definition
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Term
In most countries, most people accept the idea that it is sometimes justified for public officials to take bribes.
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Term
Labeling theory is not well-suited to explaining why people deviate in the first place.
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Definition
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Term
| taking anything of value by force |
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Definition
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Term
| homicide is defined as the willfull ____ of human beings |
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Definition
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| criminal acts tend to occur |
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Definition
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| believed that born criminals are less evolved humans |
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Definition
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| low self control involves the inability to defer |
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Definition
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Definition
| The use of punishment (or the threat of punishment) to make people unwilling to risk deviance. |
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Term
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Definition
| the prop that the more raid the more certain and the more |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities by specialists and specialized organizations devoted to ensuring conformity to the norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of offenders to commit new offenses while they are in jail or prison. |
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Term
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Definition
| direct social pressure from those around us |
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Term
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Definition
| the more dependent that members are upon a group, the more they conform to group norms. By dependence is meant the extent to which a group is the only available source of important rewards. |
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Term
| principle of extensiveness |
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Definition
| The greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group are, the greater the contribution to overall social order will be. |
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| principle of visibilities |
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Definition
| To the extent that the behavior of group members is easily observed (or otherwise monitored) by other members, their degree of conformity to group norms will be greater. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportion of persons convicted for a criminal offense who are later convicted for committing another crime. Sometimes this rate is computed as the proportion of those freed from prison who are sentenced to prison again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Efforts to change a person’s socialization; that is, to socialize a person over again in hopes of getting him or her to conform to the norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| All collective efforts to ensure conformity to the norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which citizens comply with important norms |
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Term
| Group pressure and the court system represent attempts to increase conformity to society's norms and maintain |
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Definition
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Term
| The police, the courts and prisons are examples of: |
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Definition
| formal means of social control |
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Term
| As formal and informal modes of social control increase |
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Definition
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Term
| Hechter and Kanazawa maintain that conformity increases when the behavior of members of a group is easily monitored. This illustrates the principle of: |
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Definition
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Term
| In Japan student job applications must be accompanied by a nomination from their school. This practice illustrates the principle of: |
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Definition
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Term
| attempts to reduce or remove opportunities for crime are known as |
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Definition
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Term
| According to ________ theory, a burglar alarm would make a home a less suitable target and could reduce the chance that the homeowner would be robbed |
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Definition
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Term
| The boys who participated in the delinquency prevention program associated with the Cambridge - Somerville experiment were part of the |
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Definition
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Term
| The Cambridge - Somerville experiment demonstrated that |
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Definition
| exposure to a more affluent environment does not necessarily reduce delinquency |
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| punishment is often associated with this means of social control |
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Definition
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Term
| The certainty, severity and swiftness of punishment are key concepts associated with this theory of deviance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gallup Poll and General Social Survey data indicate that public support for capital punishment over the past six decades has |
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Definition
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Term
| Ehrlich's research indicates the number of homicides goes down as the number of executions goes up. This is an example of a/an |
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Definition
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Term
| The crime least likely to be reported to the police is: |
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Definition
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Term
| In the U.S. a person is most likely to be arrested for committing: |
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Definition
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Term
| The proportion of persons committing a new crime after having served time or been on probation for another crime is known as the: |
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Definition
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Term
| This religious group was the first group in the U.S. to experiment with prisons |
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Definition
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Term
| The recidivism rate in modern therapeutic prisons is |
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Definition
| about the same as that for older punitive prisons |
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Term
| In the TARP study, researchers wanted to see if financial assistance would reduce recidivism rates. In this study financial assistance was treated as the |
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Definition
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Term
| In Japan, neighborhood patrols monitor the activities of youth but not families |
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Definition
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Term
| Results of the Cambridge-Somerville study were based upon five years of continual professional intervention into the lives of at-risk youth |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the author of your text, case record analysis was a more effective test of the efficacy of the Cambridge-Somerville program than was the comparison of the treatment and control groups |
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Definition
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Term
| No program using psychotherapy to help prevent delinquency has been shown, in controlled studies, to work |
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Definition
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Term
| Up until the 1970s, research on the deterrence value of the death penalty was seriously flawed |
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Definition
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Term
| New York State's electric chair, used for executions, was the world's first electric chair. |
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Definition
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Term
| Auto theft is the most frequently reported crime |
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Definition
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Term
| For every 1,000 felonies that occur in the United States, less than 100 will result in an arrest |
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Definition
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Term
| The more intensely society applies efforts to suppress deviance, the _________________ deviance there will be |
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Definition
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Term
| The more certain and severe the punishment for a crime, the _________________ the rate at which the crime will occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ is the rate at which people commit another crime after having served a previous sentence |
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Definition
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Term
| the results of the TARP experiment showed that the payments made _________________ difference in recidivism. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Followers of a political philosophy that regards the state as inevitably repressive and unjust and who therefore propose to destroy the state and live without laws or government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx’s name for the class made up of those who own the means of production; the employer or owner class. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept Marx used to identify the awareness of members of a class of their class interests and enemies. |
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Term
| conflict theory of stratification |
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Definition
| A theory that holds that individuals and groups will always exploit their positions in an effort to gain a larger share of the rewards in a society, and therefore, societies will often be much more stratified than functionalism can explain. Put another way, this theory holds that the stratification system of any society is the result of conflicts and compromises between contending groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assets based on knowledge, style, speech, tastes, and the like, which can be used to “purchase” privileges and power |
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Term
| evolutionary theory of stratiication |
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Definition
| A theory that holds that because culture accumulates in human societies, eventually it happens that no one can master the whole of a group’s culture. At that point cultural specialization, or a division of labor, occurs. Since some specialties will be more valued than others, inequality, or stratification, will exist |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobility that occurs because some people fall in the stratification system, thereby making room for others to rise |
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Term
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Definition
| All profit in an exchange in excess of the minimum amount needed to cause an exchange to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A term that Marx applied to members of one class who think they have common interests with members of another class |
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Term
| functionalist theory of stratification |
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Definition
| A theory that holds that inequality is built into the roles of any society because some roles are more important and harder to fill, and to ensure that the most qualified people will seek to fill the most important positions, it is necessary to reward these positions more highly than others |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, the “ragamuffin proletariat”; the people on the very bottom of society, whom Marx labeled “social scum." |
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Term
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Definition
| Everything, except human labor, that is used to produce wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to get one’s way despite the opposition of others; synonymous with Weber’s term power |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx’s name for the class made up of those who do not own the means of production; the employee or working class |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the functional importance of a role based on the extent to which other roles can substitute for or take on the duties of that particular role. For example, a doctor can easily substitute for an orderly, but the reverse is not so |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person holds a higher position (or status) on one dimension of stratification than on another. For example, an uneducated millionaire displays status inconsistency. |
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Term
| status inconsistency theories |
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Definition
| Theories built on the proposition that persons who experience status inconsistency will be frustrated and will therefore support political movements aimed at changing the stratification system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobility that occurs because of changes in the relative distribution of upper and lower statuses in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the class to which a person thinks he or she belongs |
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Term
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Definition
| Occupational organizations that can prevent their functions from being performed by others on the basis of contractual rights |
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Term
| Over time Asian Americans have been able to acquire an increasing number of high status jobs. Asian Americans have experienced |
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Definition
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Term
| In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels maintained that human history could best be described as a history of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Marx would probably argue that in contemporary information societies, the Internet would be an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| owners are to workers as : |
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Definition
| bourgeoisie is to proletarians |
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Term
| Weber maintained that stratification is based on three independent factors. |
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Definition
| property, power, prestige |
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Term
| Weber's concept of property is most similar to Marx's concept of: |
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Definition
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Term
| A college professor may be in a high prestige occupation but make less than a factory worker. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Achieved status tends to be based on: |
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Definition
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Term
| Since automation has eliminated many assembly line jobs in the U.S., some social scientists maintain that lower paying jobs in the service sector are expanding. This is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| nformation, tastes and styles of speech are examples of: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bourdieu lower-class cultures primarily stress |
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Definition
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Term
| Marx's classless society could be an example of a/an ________ society. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Dahrendorf stratification will still exist in Marx's classless society because: |
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Definition
| the state controls the means of production. |
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Term
| Mosca would argue that the correlation between stratification and political organization is: |
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Definition
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Term
| A person enters a "manager training" program for a major department store chain. While in the program the trainee is exposed to all aspects of the business. Functionalist theorist would argue that the company is attempting to |
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Definition
| making the potential manger less replaceable |
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Term
| In the toy society, Dee is the most replaceable member because Dee |
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Definition
| can only supply one basic need |
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Term
| the key concept associated with the evolutionary theory of stratification is |
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Definition
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Term
| According to this theory of stratification, professional groups and unions may protect their workers by exploiting or manipulating replaceability |
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Definition
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Term
| To Karl Marx, human history was shaped mostly by the development of grand ideas about reality |
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Definition
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Term
| Max Weber recognized the high class position of managers in capitalist enterprises or socialist enterprises whom Karl Marx would have identified as "proletariat." |
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Definition
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Term
| Even in caste systems people may occasionally experience upward or downward mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| If a society regularly has a great deal of exchange mobility, it cannot be a caste society |
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Definition
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Term
| Marx described vagrants, beggars and criminals as the _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ refers to everything besides human labor that goes into producing wealth |
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Definition
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Term
| the tendency of workers to believe they have common interests with the ruling class is called _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Societies that live by farming. Although these were the first societies able to support cities, they usually require that about 95 percent of the population be engaged in agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture that consists primarily of acquired tastes—the appreciation of art, literature, music, furnishings, and food and wine that requires experience and instruction. Abstract expressionist paintings, opera, classical music, jazz, Shakespeare’s plays, the novels of James Joyce, Persian rugs, and snails in garlic butter are examples of highbrow culture in Western societies |
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Term
| hunting and gathering societies |
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Definition
| The most primitive human societies; their rather small numbers of members (often fewer than fifty) live by wandering in pursuit of food from animals and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Societies with economies based on manufacturing in which machines perform most of the heavy labor |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobility that occurs when an individual or group rises from the bottom to the top of the stratification system |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of classes, status groups, occupations, and cultures included in one’s social network |
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Term
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Definition
| he process by which individuals achieve their positions in the stratification system |
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Term
| According to Stark, the simplest form of human society is |
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Definition
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Term
| Stratification in hunting and gathering societies is primarily based on |
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Definition
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Term
| Stratification tends to increase as societies: |
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Definition
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Term
| specialization, surplus food production and urbanization are primarily associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample indicates that stratification: |
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Definition
| increases as agricultural productivity increases. |
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Term
| Land ownership, taxation and military protection are linked in ________ societies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leisure, language and etiquette are characteristics that: |
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Definition
| separate the elite from the masses. |
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Term
| Marx believed that increasing industrialization would |
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Definition
| cause workers' wages to fall and lead to industrial slavery. |
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Term
| Based on his observation of U.S. society in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville assumed that Americans |
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Definition
| experienced more upward mobility compared to other industrializing nations |
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Term
| Lipset and Bendix maintain that the increase in social mobility experienced by industrialized democracies may be attributed to an increase in |
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Definition
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Term
| The U.S. is primarily known for its: |
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Definition
| he greater odds of experiencing long-distance mobility |
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Term
| According to Blau and Duncan, the best way to "get ahead in life" is to get a good education. This finding indicates that these researchers are interested in studying |
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Definition
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Term
| Research on status attainment by Cohen and Tyree indicates that education is an important determinant of status attainment. However, they also discovered that the main determinant of family income is |
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Definition
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Term
| Parents who are older when their first child is born tend to |
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Definition
| provide more economic resources per child |
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Term
| In The Vertical Mosaic, Porter maintained that the Canadian stratification system was primarily based on: |
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Definition
| ethnicity and immigration status |
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Term
| The Canadian status attainment study included women. The study revealed that female workers tended to come from: |
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Definition
| higher-status backgrounds and were in higher-status occupations |
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Term
| Recent studies of U.S. status attainment suggest that: |
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Definition
| structural mobility has declined, but exchange mobility has increased |
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Term
| According to Erickson culture is a product of ________ rather than ________. |
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Definition
| social network diversity; social class difference |
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Term
| In the U.S. the acquiring of a job is most likely to be influenced by: |
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Definition
| weak, cosmopolitan networks. |
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Term
| In the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, there are no nomadic or sedentary societies that are classified as having a "high level of stratification." |
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Definition
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Term
| It is easier for a society's rulers to use military means to exploit able-bodied males if the society is simple than if it is agrarian. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rise of civilization is rooted in the development of a leisure class. |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to widespread automation, the average worker is more replaceable in industrial than in agrarian societies |
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Definition
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Term
| Yinon Cohen and Andrea Tyree found that most children from the poorest families in America escape from the bottom 20% income group. |
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Definition
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Term
| Average occupational prestige levels are higher for working women than for working men |
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Definition
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Term
| A major fact of life in hunting and gathering societies is the threat of _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The smaller, poorer and less secure a society is, the less it is _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Occupational positions that require education and training are less _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary link to occupational status of men is _________________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ is the main determinant of family income regardless of a person's background. |
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Definition
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Term
| allports theory of contract |
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Definition
| Theory holding that contact between groups will improve relations only if the groups are of equal status and do not compete with one another |
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Term
| cultural division of labor |
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Definition
| A situation in which racial or ethnic groups tend to specialize in a limited number of occupations |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that proposes that the spatial concentration of an ethnic group permits it to create its own business enterprises, thus speeding the economic progress of the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict between groups that are racially or culturally different |
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Term
| markers (cultural or racial) |
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Definition
| Noticeable differences between two or more groups that become associated with status conflicts between the groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial or ethnic groups restricted to a limited range of occupations in the middle, rather than lower, level of the stratification system |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used by Gunnar Myrdal to describe the contradiction of a society committed to democratic ideals but sustaining racial segregation |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which a racial or an ethnic group can be recognized—how easily those in such a group can pass as members of the majority |
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Term
| Racial, ethnic, religious group and tribal conflict are all primarily examples of |
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Definition
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Term
| With many urban renewal projects, persons living in a neighborhood are eventually forced out. This is an example of: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Oversocialization, anxiety and inferiority are all concepts associated with |
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Definition
| the theory of the authoritarian personality |
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Term
| Stark argues that today sociologists maintain that racial and ethnic conflict is primarily rooted in |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Allport prejudice increases when people interact within a context that is characterized by: |
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Definition
| status inequality and competition. |
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Term
| The "American Dilemma" refers to the |
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Definition
| contradiction between democratic ideas and racist practices |
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Term
| One could say that language is an indicator of status conflict between French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians. If this is the case, language is functioning as a/an |
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Definition
|
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Term
| With respect to computer-related jobs, women and racial and ethnic minority group members are more likely to be employed in data entry positions rather than as systems analysts. This is an example of |
|
Definition
| the cultural division of labor |
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Term
| n the years leading up to WWII, the Jews were blamed for many of the economic problems that Germany experienced. This is an example of: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Prejudice tends to increase as: |
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Definition
| identifiability increases |
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Term
| In 1930 Japanese Americans aged 16-20 were: |
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Definition
| more likely than native-born whites to be enrolled in school |
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Term
| The 1990 Japanese American - white earnings ratio was 120. This means that: |
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Definition
| Japanese Americans earned more than Whites |
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Term
| n this city African Americans reside in the Northeast while Asian Americans live primarily in the Southwest. This is an example of: |
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Definition
| geographical concentration. |
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Term
| According to the 2000 census, the two largest racial / ethnic minority groups are: |
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Definition
| Hispanic Americans followed by African Americans. |
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Term
| Compared to Puerto Rican Americans and Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans are less likely to: |
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Definition
| indicate that they have been discriminated against. |
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Term
| From 1960 to 2000 the percentage of African Americans over age twenty-four completing college expressed as a percentage of the white rate increased from 38.3 % to 63.2 %. This finding suggests that the educational gap |
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Definition
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Term
| The legacy of slavery and visibility are cited by Stark as: |
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Definition
| examples of barriers to African American progress. |
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Term
| Of the different ways of resolving ethnic and racial conflict described in your text, all of them have been used in the New World |
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Definition
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Term
| The language of the Aboriginal groups discussed in your text does not distinguish between "stranger" and "enemy." |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ encompass all conflicts over cultural differences |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ are people who share special bonds of history, culture, and kinship. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prejudice will increase under conditions of _________________ inequality |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ is the basis of stratification in caste systems |
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Definition
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