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Details Title: Sociology Description: Midterm Review Total Flash Cards: 51 Created: 02/19/2006 16:13:43	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Reasons for Grouping Definition Positive - Power Security Social Bond Negative - Loss of Freedom Individualism Loss of Self Term Manifest Function Latent Function Definition intended to accomplish unintended or hidden Robert Merton Term Theories of Social Structure (How Society holds together?) Definition 1. Divine will – obedience/ revelation 2. Structural Function theory – held together by common agreements, normative consensus 3. Conflict theory – held together by power embodied in laws, power of coercion and the golden rule Term Transitive Triads Definition where two people have same relationship with the third Term Intransitive Triads Definition where one tries to be friends with two who dislike each other Term Assimilation Definition process of exchanging one culture for another Term Exchange Theory Definition a micro sociological theoretical perspective having as its central concern to explain and reveal the key process by which people seek to maximize by exchanging rewards with each other Term Two approaches to Micro Sociology Definition Symbolic Interaction Theory Exchange Theory Term 4 principle of recruitment Definition Open Minded Principle Network Recruitment Principle Cosmopolitan Growth Principle Principle of Dense Origins Term Rational Choice Theory Definition People are choosers We tend to do what is rewarding, although it might not be immediately rewarding – pain/pleasure principle Rewards can be material or non material Where do rewards come from – usually from others How do we get those rewards Term C.H. Cooley Definition The Looking Glass Self - how we view ourselves, how others feel and react Term George Homans – Exchanging Rewards – the four principles of frequency Definition The law of liking – if you engage with equal ranks than more than likely you will like them The law of inequality – people of different ranks have different levels of attachment The law of agreement – the members in a group like each other, the more they agree The law of conformity – the more solid a group the greater demand for conformity Term Differences between cool - burning communes Definition Unexpected results with cool and burning communes, cool ones lasted longer Term 5 basic social institutions Definition Family Economy Religion Political Order Education Term 3 major theories about social systems Definition Functionalism Social Evolution Conflict Term Functional Societies Definition sub-groups within the commune tend to divide the commune at some point Term Functionalism Definition social structures have functions, what is the structure there for Term Social Evolution Theory Definition survival and adaptability Term Conflict Theory Definition power and how does it affect social structure Term Genetic Relationships Definition Mark Schuckits’s study on alcoholism presents evidence for genetic response Term Humans have been growing more and taller which suggest genetics Definition The rebuttal is that a better diet and health conditions are the reason, and the question should be why weren’t we growing more earlier in history Term People in society can be described as? Definition Can be described as plastic – people can shift environmental behavior Term Environmental Suppressors Definition environment factors that hinder human growth Term Feral children Definition children who are literally untamed, or born with severe disabilities Term Stimulus Response (S-R) Definition a simple model of learning in which humans play only a passive role Term Cognitive structures Definition general rules that govern reason (Jean Piaget) o Sensorimotor – begins at birth until about 2, senses and motor skills o Preoperational – begins at about 2 until age 7, language learning o Concrete operational – begins at about 7 until age 12, develop a number of logical principles o Formal operational – generally begins at age 12 but it is possible never to reach this stage, thinking abstractly and to impose logical tests to their ideas Term Pidgin Definition is a jargon of made-up nouns and verbs, often including some borrowed from the language of the dominant group, highly variable in terms of word order and little in the way of grammar Term Creole Definition the development of Pidgin into a real language very different from any other Term Differential socialization Definition how roles in a society shape people Term Melvin Kohn – 1965 study Definition he did a study on the upbringings of children from different social classes and the main values stressed by parents o Working class parents were more concerned about their children conforming to the expectations of others o Middle class parents were more concerned about their children being capable of self expression and independence Kohn then realized that more of an emphasis on parental occupation than on class Term Erving Goffman 1961 impression management Definition the conscious manipulation of scenery, props, costumes and our behavior to convey a particular role to others Term Offender versatility Definition offenders usually commit many crimes ranging from different types, with no strong inclination to pursue a specific criminal act Term Walter Grove produced 3 facts about crime Definition o The variables most associated with crime are age and gender o Athletic body types are more likely to commit crimes o Psychological drives like testosterone and adrenaline Term Subculture deviance Definition is the result of subcultures disagreeing with the norms of society but now having the influence to change such norms Term structural strain Definition frustration caused by a person’s position in the social structure, especially the stratification system Term 4 types of Bonds in society Definition o Attachments – how much one cares for others and its reciprocal o Investments – we are tied to conformity through our attachments to others but also through the stakes we have built up in life o Involvements – that time and energy have a limit towards deviant activities o Beliefs – about how people should behave Term Anomie Definition a condition of normalness Term Folkways Mores Definition morally accepted sentiments stringent morally accepted sentiments Term Differential Theory Definition who you hang out with, 2 factors how long and how intimate Term Deviance Process – John Lofland Definition o Threat – Physical, Psychological o Encapsulation – Facilitating Hardware, Facilitating Others, Subjective Ability, Objective Proximity o Closure Term Degree of Social Control Definition o Principle of Dependence – the more dependent members are on a group, the more they conform to the norms o Principle of Visibility – to the extent that the behavior of group members is easily observed by other members, their degree of conformity to group norms will be greater o Principle of Extensiveness – the greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group, the greater will be the contribution to overall social order Term Deterrence Theory Definition the more rapid, the more certain, and the more severe the punishment for a crime, the lower the rate at which such crimes will occur Term Recidivism rate Definition the proportion of persons who commit a new crime after having served a prior sentence in jail or on probation Term Marx's view on classes Definition • Marx saw four classes in Roman society: patricians, knights, plebians and slaves; while he saw only two in modern society: bourgeoisie and proletariat • Classes do not exist unless they struggle with another and that class struggle is inevitable Term Lumpenproletariat Definition people who were marginal to the economy: vagrants, migrant workers, beggars, criminals, Gypsies Term Max Weber suggested that three factors defined society Definition o Property – the control of property o Prestige – fame as important as money and can gain influence o Power – the ability to get ones way despite the resistance of others Term Status inconsistency Definition a person could be rich but have lower prestige and little power Term Cultural Capital Definition classes tend to develop and maintain distinctive cultures typically consisting of styles of speech, etiquette, dress, body language, interest, information and taste Term Ralf Dahrendorf had the most penetrating analysis of Marx’s classless society Definition o Everyone would be in one class but they would not have equally power and prestige, or even economically o Then Who is the State? o Those who control the means of production effectively own the means Term Gaeteno Mosca The Ruling Class a three step proof Definition o Human societies cannot exist without political organization o Whenever there is political organization there must be inequalities in power o Because human nature is inherently self-serving, people with greater power will use it to exploit others and therefore to gain material advantages Term Conflict Theory of Stratification Definition how persons at the top will take advantage of others and how the political system can be used to influence the stratification system