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C Wright Mills-
When personal problems become a public issue. |
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founder of sociology
named sociology "the queen of the sciences" |
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| a philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte, concerned with positive facts and phenomena, and excluding speculation upon ultimate causes or origins. |
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| Structural-Functional Approach |
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focuses on the ways social institutions meet social needs
draws its inspiration primarily from the ideas of Emile Durkheim |
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| when things are obvious and open |
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| unconscious / unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. |
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| The social-conflict approach |
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| argues that society is not about solidarity or social consensus but rather about competition. |
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-1st to use science to study human behavior
-Did important theoretical work on suicide |
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Historian, philosopher, sociologist
major player in the Conflict Theory |
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Translated Auguste Comte's work
Participation Observation (method of studying people) |
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| founded Hull House in Chicago |
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| William Burghardt Du Bois |
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| American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor. |
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| the Symbolic-Interaction approach |
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| focuses on social reality as constructed through the daily interaction of individuals and places strong emphasis on the role of symbols (gestures, signs, and language) |
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| a basic image of society that focuses on broad social structures and that characterize society as a whole. The focus is on the big picture. |
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| a basic image of society that focuses on social interaction in specific situations |
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| major works deal with rationalization in sociology of religion, government, organizational theory, and behavior. |
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| The study of human behavior as it is shaped by group of life. |
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| evidence from observations |
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| Operationalize a variable |
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| to define a concept or variable so that it can be measured or expressed quantitatively |
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| (questionnaire)in essay form |
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| (questionnaire) in multiple choice form |
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| ten steps in sociological investigation |
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1. Define the topic of investigation
2.Find out what others have learned about the topic:
3.Specify the research question
4.Access the requirements for carrying out the research
5.Consider ethical issues
6.Devise a research strategy
7.Gather the data
8.Interpret the data
9.State your conclusions
10.Share your results |
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| the process of passing on culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values from person to person or from culture to culture. |
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| culturally defined standards used to determine what people think is good or beautiful. |
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| the reason behind most wars |
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| a socially acceptable way of behaving |
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much stronger than norms
example: telling a teacher to "bugger off" |
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| minute things that you are supposed to do (like open a door for a lady). |
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| the enforcement of conformity by society upon its members, either by law or by social pressure. |
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| the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture. |
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| is the totality of distinct memes, ideas, perspectives, and attitudes that are deemed preferred per an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture. |
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| opposes what is generally accepted |
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| When you think your culture is superior to other cultures. |
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| not passing judgment on other cultures. |
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| things that are present in all cultures |
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(5000 yrs ago)
Cities started developing
more distinct religion / economy / politics |
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| An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned |
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the working class
(Carl Marx said they were the ones doing the job) |
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| small social group that share long lasting relationships |
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you're there to accomplish a task
has a means to an end
example: co-workers |
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| "sexual orientation can be measured by degrees..." |
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| felt some people were born deviant |
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| felt some people are born evil. |
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| Robert Merton's Strain Theory |
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conformity
innovation
retreatism - (druggies)
ritualism - (politicians)
rebellion |
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| the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes, and divisions within a society |
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no control over it
ascription or at birth
a closed system where your class cannot be changed |
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based on both birth and individual achievement.
And opened system |
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| where class cannot be changed |
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| those in either class have mobility |
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| based not on ratio but on lack of power in the society |
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| having negative feelings towards someone |
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| (an action) - when you treat someone / a group of people differently because of who they are |
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| scapegoating is when you blame other people for your problems |
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A + B + C =A
when other groups give up their ways for the dominate group |
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| Amalgamation (aka: melting pot) |
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A + B + C =2
When the result is a mixture of all the groups |
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| Pluralism (the USA is this) |
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| living together without getting married |
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| marriage within your group |
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| marriage outside your group |
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| multiple marriages at different times |
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| 1 female married to multiple males |
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| one man is married to two or more wives |
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| when a couple marries and live with their family |
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| married couple resides with or near the wife's parents |
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| married couple resides with or near the husband's parents |
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| tracing your family tree through your father |
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| tracing your family tree through your mother |
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| tracing your family tree through your mother and father |
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| interactionist perspective |
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| generalize about everyday forms of social interaction |
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| when things are obvious and opened |
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| unconscious/unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution |
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| conflict perspective (micro) |
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| assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or allocation of resources. |
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| functionalist perspective (macro) |
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| thinks of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival |
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