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Definition
Social Conflict
*Major figure in the founding of sociology
*Socio-political theory of Marxism
*The Communist Manifesto
founded modern Communism.
Talked about the uprising of the working class (proletariat) against the high class(bourgeoisie) to create an Egalitarian society. (everyone is equal). |
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Definition
“Survival of Fittest”/Darwinist
competitive jungle, fittest people rising to wealth and families sinking into poverty |
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Definition
Considered founding father of Sociology. Coined the term sociology.
positiusm - way of understanding based on science
theological stage - church middle ages
metaphysical stage - enlightenment and the ideas of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau
Scientific stage - physical, chemistry, and sociology
Proposed a theory of sociocultural evolution that society progresses by a general law of three stages.
It states that society as a whole, and each particular science, develops through three mentally conceived stages: (1) the theological stage, (2) the metaphysical stage, and (3) the positive stage. |
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Definition
Suicide: men, protestant, wealthy people, unmarried
social integration: people with strong social ties had low suicide rate and more individualist categories of people had higher suicide rates |
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Definition
described Protestantism. Hardwork would lead to wealth = blessings of God.
Interpretive Sociology,
Verstehen,
value-free research,
Rationalization of society, Bureaucracy
& 3 Dimensions of Stratification |
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Term
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Definition
Values for American Life
1. Achievement and Success are the major goals of individuals
2. Activity and Work are favored above leisure and laziness.
3. Moral Orientation, that is, absolute judgments of good/bad right/wrong/
4. Humanitarian Motives as demonstrated in philanthropy and crisis aid.
5. Efficiency and Practicality expresses a preference for the quickest and shortest way to achieve a goal at the least cost.
6. Process and Progress: represent a belief that technology can solve all problems, and that the future will be an improvement over the past.
7. Material Comfort as the American Dream.
8. Equality as an abstract ideal.
9. Freedom as a individual right against the state.
10. External Conformity refers to the ideal of going along, joining, and not rocking the boat.
11. Science and Rationality as the means of mastering the environment and secure a better
life in terms of material comforts.
12. Nationalism the belief that American values and institutions represent the very best on Earth.
13. Democracy based on equality and freedom of individuals.
14. Individualism means that emphasis is placed on personal rights and responsibilities.
15. Racism and Group-superiority Themes that periodically lead to prejudice and discrimination against those who are racially, religiously, and culturally different from the white, Northern European stock that first settled the continent. |
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Term
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Definition
Types of Societies
1) Hunting and gathering
The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
2) Horticultural and pastoral
* Horticulture - The use of hand tools to raise crops
* Pastoralism - The domestication of animals
3) Agriculture/Agrarian
* Large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
4) Industrialism
* The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to
drive large machinery
5) Post-industrialism
* The production of information using computer technology |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviorism: A theory that argues that pattern behavior is not biologically determined, but learned. (behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed) |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Development
1) Schemas(building blocks of knowledge)
2) Processes that enable the transition from one stage to another (equilibrium, assimilation and accommodation)
3)Stages of Development:
sensorimotor,
preoperational,
concrete operational,
formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
Elements of Personality
1856-1939
, austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Looking glass self & Primary/Secondary groups |
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Term
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Definition
Total Institutions
Like a theater production,
•Life=theater
•Humans=actors
-"Impression management": we are trying to control what people think of us |
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Term
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Definition
| The world is a stage and we are all actors in a play called “Life.” This theory of how we as people live can be explained through a type of theory called dramaturgical analysis. Dramaturgical analysis is a theory first developed by a man named Erving Goffman and sociologists have used this theory of social interaction to try and explain why we do what we do by means of comparing us to actors in a theatrical presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strain Theory: strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
| decided to conduct his own study of the sexual behavior of the American female and male during the 1930s to 1950s – most prominently as The Sexual Behavior of the Human Male (1948) and The Sexual Behavior of the Human Female (1953), and after his death, less well-known studies such as Sex Offenders (1965). Ultimately providing some 18,000 life stories of individuals (many of whom he interviewed himself) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lombroso's general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from noncriminals by multiple physical anomalies. He postulated that criminals represented a reversion to a primitive or subhuman type of man characterized by physical features reminiscent of apes, lower primates, and early man and to some extent preserved, he said, in modern "savages". The behavior of these biological "throwbacks" will inevitably be contrary to the rules and expectations of modern civilized society. |
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Definition
Containment Theory
good boys : no jail
bad boys : jail them up |
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Definition
developed a “general theory of action” that still serves as a comprehensive framework for understanding human social relationships and behavior
opportunity for work is too small, and there are not enough jobs to support the family |
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Definition
Sociological Imagination
not people's personal failings that are the main cause of poverty (help us understand everyday events) |
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Definition
proposed that sociologist interpret gender as a matter of differences
Laid the foundation for what was to become the modern functionalist perspective.
Developed a general theory for the study of society called action theory. |
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Term
| Structural Functional Approach |
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Definition
Society is a complex unit, made up of interrelated parts. Sociologists who apply this theory study social structure and social function. French sociologist Émile Durkheim based his work on this theory.
by Emilie Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merkton.
Gave society an biological analogy. Society is maintained by the way each structure functions. Largely debunked. Couldn't explain function in poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
1. CONFLICT exists in all societies
2. CLASS exists in every society
3. certain functions can be CONTESTED. "Who does this function serve best?"
4. Society should or will be CHANGED. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender conflict is based on the cultural beliefs various societies have established concerning the roles men and women play in those societies. Much of the conflict centers on stereotypes and whether the different genders conform to those stereotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial Conflict Theory. How do racial groups engage one another in conflict. At the US level, DuBois is the best scholar |
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Term
| Symbolic Interaction Approach |
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Definition
| Views society as a product of everyday social interactions of individuals. Symbolic interactionists also study how people use symbols to create meaning. In studying deviance, these theorists look at how people in everyday situations define deviance, which differs between cultures and settings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Exchange Theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Social Exchange Theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology. Social Exchange Theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. |
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Definition
| A discipline of sociology that assigns a large role to biology (nature) in explaining behavior and the development of personality. |
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Definition
| A hypothesis holding that the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form |
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Definition
| "All the world is a stage and we are all actors in a play called 'Life'" |
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Term
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Definition
“ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations. Whether there even is an objectively correct interpretation is not important for the purposes of helping guide individuals' behavior. |
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Term
| McDonaldization of Society |
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Definition
| Efficiency, Predictability, Uniformity, and Control through technology (streamlining business) |
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Term
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Definition
| queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labeling theory holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. The theory is concerned with how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. |
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Term
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Definition
| Containment theory refers to a form of control theory which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contribute to law-abiding behavior. |
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Term
| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
Differential association is when individuals base their behaviors by association and interaction with others.
Differential association theory predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strain theory, developed by sociologist Robert Merton, posits that when people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional means, they experience strain or frustration that can lead to deviance. He said that they also experience anomie, or feelings of being disconnected from society, which can occur when people do not have access to the institutionalized means to achieve their goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis is an explanation of social stratification, based on the idea of "functional necessity." Davis and Moore argue that the most difficult jobs in any society are the most necessary and require the highest rewards and compensation to sufficiently motivate individuals to fill them. Once the roles are filled, the division of labour functions properly, based on the notion of organic solidarity advanced by Emile Durkheim. This theorist is also associated with Talcott Parson and Merton. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to explain the process of modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and free-market ideologies, world-systems theorists, globalization theory and dependency theory among others. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependency theory is a body of social science theories predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the "world system." |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of social groups; the processes that tend to maintain or change these forms of organizations and the relations between groups and individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term sociological imagination was coined by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology. The term is used in introductory textbooks in sociology to explain the nature of sociology and its relevance in daily life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common sense is not always “common,” nor “sensible.” Statements like “Birds of a feather flock together” and “Opposites attract,” while supposedly based on common knowledge, contradict each other. Because common sense does not always accurately predict reality, people need something else. |
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Term
| Manifest & Latent Functions |
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Definition
Manifest functions are the ones that are pre-planned or conscious.
Latent functions are unintended and unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
Macro: Sociology concerned with society as a whole and its institutions.
Micro: Sociology concerned with individuals and small groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any item that can be measured and represent different values. |
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Definition
A systematic explanation for observations that relate to a particular aspect of life such as poverty, crime, social class,
status, and many others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement of prediction that sets forth the basis for testing the relationship between variables in an attempt to link theory to reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between two variables where change in one is associated with change in the other. |
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Term
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Definition
a mathematical relationship in which two events or variables have no direct causal connection, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they do, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "confounding factor" or "lurking variable"). Suppose there is found to be a correlation between A and B. Aside from coincidence, there are three possible relationships:
A causes B,
B causes A,
OR
C causes both A and B.
In the last case there is a spurious correlation between A and B. In a regression model where A is regressed on B but C is actually the true causal factor for A, this misleading choice of independent variable (B instead of C) is called specification error. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to the study of social life developed by Max Weber in which sociologists mentally attempt to place themselves in the shoes of other people and identify what they think and how they feel; translates roughly as "understanding." |
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Term
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Definition
| Sociology is value-free because sociologists do not interfere with how things *should be* - they only care about the way things *really are*. It is an "explanatory" field, not "normative" like ethics or theology. Producing value-free data is an important issue in the field, and there are many systems in place to keep it that way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gender-blindness refers to a failure to identify or acknowledge difference on the basis of gender where it is significant. |
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Term
| Operationalizing the Definition |
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Definition
| operational definition is how you define these concepts such as bullying, mental illness, drug abuse, physical abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliability is the extent to which a measurement instrument or procedure yields the same results on repeated trials. Without reliable measures, scientists cannot build or test theory, and therefore cannot develop productive and efficient procedures for improving human well being. |
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Term
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Definition
Non-material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. For instance, the non-material cultural concept of religion consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about God, worship, morals, and ethics. These beliefs, then, determine how the culture responds to its religious topics, issues, and events.
When considering non-material culture, sociologists refer to several processes that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Four of the most important of these are symbols, language, values, and norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it |
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Term
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Definition
Norms with moral basis
more serious in nature. Usually formalized and appear as laws (ie. murder, theft) |
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Term
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Definition
Customs and manners
informal norms that govern everyday social behavior. (ie. table manners, etiquette) |
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Term
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Definition
| an established standard of behavior maintained by a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs are the ideas , viewpoints and attitudes of the particular group of society. They are consists of fables, proverbs, myths, folklore ,traditions, superstition, education and etc. that influence the ideas, values, emotions, perceptions and attitude of the members of the society. They also think and decide on particular course of action which they believe conform on the sets social experience in the society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sanctions help enforce society's value system and uphold common beliefs about what is right and wrong. Sanctions can be positive or negative, physical or psychological and formal or informal. In complex societies, social values often become law. |
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Term
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Definition
"Guilt says I've done something wrong; shame says there is something wrong with me.
Guilt says I've made a mistake; shame says I am a mistake.
Guilt says what did was not good; shame says I am no good." |
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Term
| Traditional & Rational Societies |
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Definition
old cultural values usually based on rights and wrongs determined by religion.
Rational: evolution of society after industrial age, shunning tradition for thinking rationally |
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Term
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Definition
Charles Cooley coined this term. Three things of how self might develop.
1. We wonder how we appear to others
2. We wonder what people think of us
3. How we feel as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture |
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Term
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Definition
| The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. (ie. peers, school, mass) |
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Term
| Ascribed & Achieved Status |
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Definition
Ascribed: social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life
Achieved: a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
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Term
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Definition
A role set is a situation where a single status may have more than one role attached to it.
A status set is a collection of social statuses that an individual holds. A person may have status of a daughter, wife, mother, student, worker, church member and a citizen. |
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Term
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Definition
| the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person |
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Term
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Definition
| stress caused by incompatible demands from the roles of a single status |
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Term
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Definition
| The role exit is defined in sociology as the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity for one's self. |
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Term
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Definition
Humor emerges out of ambiguity and double meanings--a contrasting of the expected and the unexpected.
The Functions of Humor The universality of humor reflects its function as a safety valve. Sentiments can be expressed that might be dangerous if taken seriously. |
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Term
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Definition
Social Group: Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
Crowd: “The crowd ” implies a homogeneity of actors and motives and, consequently, continuous and mutually inclusive action. |
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Term
| Primary & Secondary Groups |
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Definition
Primary: A small social group whose members share person and lasting relationships. Relationships we expect to last like close friends and family.
Secondary: A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Impersonal relationships like school and carpooling. |
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Term
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Definition
A group used to help us define our identity. Examples of reference groups are family, friends, and work
colleagues. |
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Term
| Anticipatory Socialization |
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Definition
| process, facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group-members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it. It is the process of changing one's attitudes and behaviours, in preparation for a shift in one's role. Words commonly associated with anticipatory socialization include grooming, play-acting, training and rehearsing. |
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Term
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Definition
IN: A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. Us
OUT: A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. Them |
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Term
| Bureaucracy & Hierarchies |
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Definition
| hierarchy are those who are in charge, those in authority. bureaucracy, is the red tape, it is the acts of those who are in the hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| normative refers to a morally-endorsed ideal. Americans may think that you should celebrate the Fourth of July because it is patriotic to do so. Celebrating U.S. Independence may be both the norm and normative in the U.S. Many things that are not the norm are nonetheless normative. For example, a nuclear family with a married man and woman and their biological children is normative in the U.S., but it is certainly not the norm. |
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Term
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Definition
Coercive organization. An organization to which membership is not voluntary. An example of a coercive organization is a
prison. |
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Term
| Utilitarian Organizations |
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Definition
| Organizations established for the purpose of economic gain. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary: The genitals, organs used for reproduction
Secondary: Bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males |
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Term
| Intersex, Bisexual, Asexual, Etc. |
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Definition
Inter: Peoples who's bodies have both male and female characteristics including genitals
Bisexual: attracted to both male and female
Asexual: having interest in neither male or female sexually |
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Term
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Definition
| must — behavior that dictates the individual must abstain from certain acts (in this case to prevent in-breeding) |
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Term
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Definition
Crime consists of behaviour that breaks the law (e.g. murder, theft)
Deviancy consists of behaviour that differs from the norms and values of wider society |
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Term
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Definition
The innovator accepts societal goals but has few, or no, legitimate
means to achieve those goals; therefore he must become innovative and
create his own means of “getting ahead” (by committing robbery, theft,
and other such criminal acts). |
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Term
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Definition
The ritualist makes a half-hearted attempt at the goals established by
society but eventually abandons them, believing that the goals are not
within their reach. They learn to accept their fate and maintain their
current menial lifestyle. The ritualist is known to play by the rules
and maintain a safe daily routine within his perceived range of
achievable means. |
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Term
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Definition
The retreatist adaptation is given to those who give up their goals
and also the means by which to achieve them. They often retreat into
the sordid world of alcoholism and drug addiction. These individuals
often escape into a nonproductive, no striving lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
The rebel is the final adaptation in Merton’s list of adaptations. He
rejects all cultural goals and the legitimate means. They make their
own set of goals and attempt to achieve them by their own means. These
persons often protest the norms of society or become involved in
revolutionary activity. |
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Term
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Definition
The conformist (the most common form of adaptation) accepts and lives
up to societal norms. He accepts the goals offered by society as
legitimate, realistic expectations. The conformist accepts the means
available to him as reasonable and sufficient to aid in the
achievement of the goals society expects him to achieve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behaviour in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control: Informal (socialization, internalization of norms and values) and Formal (external/regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption of rehabilitation is that people are not permanently criminal and that it is possible to restore a criminal to a useful life, to a life in which they contribute to themselves and to society. Sadly, this often does not work because the person is thrown right back into the society they committed the offenses, which is not the same as the rehabilitation environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social stratification refers to the unequal distribution around the world of the three Ps: property, power, and prestige. This stratification forms the basis of the divisions of society and categorizations of people. In the case of the latter, social classes of people develop, and moving from one stratum to another becomes difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| Until recently, global stratification was depicted by using a simple model consisting of First (industrialized capitalist nations), Second (communist nations) and Third (all the rest of the nations) Worlds. With the collapse of communism, these terms became outdated. |
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Term
| Class System – Upper, Middle, & Lower Class |
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Definition
In an open society with a class system, mobility is possible. The positions in this stratification system depend more on achieved status, like education, than on ascribed status, like gender. For example, the United States' social stratification is of this type, meaning movement between social strata is easier and occurs more frequently.
Upper has wealth, both blue-blood upper-uppers, |
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Term
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Definition
| status is determined by birth and is lifelong |
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Term
Social Mobility – Downward, Upward,
& Horizontal |
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Definition
progression from one social level to another
Horizontal mobility involves moving within the same status category. An example of this is a nurse who leaves one hospital to take a position as a nurse at another hospital.
Vertical mobility, in contrast, involves moving from one social level to another. A promotion in rank in the Army is an example of upward mobility, while a demotion in rank is downward mobility. |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of respect at which one is regarded by others; standing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a given country. The poverty line for the US is 22k for a family of 4, which is barely |
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Term
| Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
| Multinationals are corporations that conduct business in many different countries. These corporations produce more goods and wealth than many smaller countries. Their existence, though, remains controversial. They garner success by entering less-developed nations, bringing industry into these markets with cheaper labor, and then exporting those goods to more-developed countries. Business advocates point to the higher standard of living in most countries where multinationals have entered the economy. Critics charge that multinationals exploit poor workers and natural resources, creating environmental havoc. |
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Term
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Definition
Durkheim argued that deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society because it contributes to the social order. He identified four specific functions that deviance fulfills:
Affirmation of cultural norms and values: Seeing a person punished for a deviant act reinforces what a society sees as acceptable or unacceptable behavior. Sentencing a thief to prison affirms our culturally held value that stealing is wrong. Just as some people believe that the concept of God could not exist without the concept of the devil, deviance helps us affirm and define our own norms.
Clarification of right and wrong: Responses to deviant behavior help individuals distinguish between right and wrong. When a student cheats on a test and receives a failing grade for the course, the rest of the class learns that cheating is wrong and will not be tolerated.
Unification of others in society: Responses to deviance can bring people closer together. In the aftermath of the attacks on September 11, 2001, people across the United States, and even the world, were united in their shock and grief. There was a surge in patriotic feeling and a sense of social unity among the citizens of the United States.
Promoting social change: Deviance can also encourage the dominant society to consider alternative norms and values. Rosa Parks’s act of deviance in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 led to the U.S. Supreme Court’s declaration that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional. |
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Term
| 5 Agents of Socialization |
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Definition
Church
School
Family
Job
Media |
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Term
| Three Characteristics of Social Facts |
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Definition
1) it exists out of your control and was developed prior to you. (ie. you didn't make it)
2) it is a characteristic of social groups.
3) it exerts a coercing force that forces individuals to act a certain way. |
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Term
| Durkheim's Study of Suicide. |
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Definition
| treated suicide as a social fact. Certain people were more prone to suicide. People with strong or weak connections to society. |
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Term
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Definition
| norms so deeply ingrained that they cause revulsion at the thought. (ie. incest, child pornography) |
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Term
| Cognitive Development theory |
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Definition
Piaget's theory that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world; children experiences expand as their brain develops; they move through
4 stages:
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by Max Weber. In it, he argues that the religious confidence and self-disciplined activism of the Calvinists produced an ethic that stimulated and reinforced the spirit of emergent capitalism. |
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Term
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Definition
(psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity
-The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez Faire |
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Definition
| All decisions are made for the group |
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| Everyone is involved in decision making. Best model |
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| Group left to function on its own |
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| The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
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Term
| Structural Functional Approach to sexuality |
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Definition
| Cultures must regulate sexuality. Define who you can be with and when |
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| Symbolic Interaction Approach to sexuality |
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Definition
| Sexuality is socially constructed |
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| Social Conflict Approach to sexuality |
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| Feminist Analysis says sexual rules perpetuate inequality |
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Definition
Validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure (Carmines and Zeller, 1979).
Scientists distinguish among different types of validity, and across disciplines refer to the same type of validity using different names, which sometimes can create confusion about what type of validity is being assessed! Basically, validity can be classified as either nonempirical or empirical. |
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| Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members' behaviors and perceptions. For example, technology is a vital aspect of material culture in today's United States. American students must learn to use computers to survive in college and business, in contrast to young adults in the Yanomamo society in the Amazon who must learn to build weapons and hunt. |
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Definition
| trust-vs-mistrust / 0-1 / bonding, holding, feeding |
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| (1-3yrs)(Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.Negativism(temper tantrums) regression, |
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Definition
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| challenge of industriousness (proud of accomplishments) |
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Definition
| Identity vs. role confusion |
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| Generativity vs stagnation, 40 to 65 years |
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Creates social facts. Patterned ways of acting, feeling and thinking that exist any one individual control.
Exerts social control. |
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Definition
| study of society that focuses on the meaning people attach to their social world |
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Definition
| "meaningful" understanding |
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Term
| Rationalization of society |
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Definition
| historical change from tradition to rational as the main type of human thought -- modern society is disenchanted |
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Term
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Definition
organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks effeciently
1) specialization
2) hierarchy of positions
3) roles and regulations
4) technical competence
5) impersonality
6) formal written communication |
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Term
| 3 Dimensions of Stratification |
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Definition
1)Power: the ability to impose one’s will on others
2)Prestige: the respect given by others
3) Property: forms of wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| people who sell their productive labor to the capitalists |
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Term
| Capitalists (bourgeoisie) |
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Definition
people who own factories and other
productive business |
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Term
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Definition
These are elite families with great wealth who dominate the economic system of the United States.
• Elite status is ascribed and many of this group's members are friends who have been socialized into a upper-class world.
• Ranking below the elite is the lower upper class, a group of people who recently have achieved success and wealth, but whose lack of an established family name may preclude them from full acceptance into the upper-upper class. |
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Term
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Definition
The upper third of the middle class forms the upper middle class, a group that consists mostly of professionals and others with well-paying, respected occupations.
• The upper-middle class collectively exerts power because its members participate in political affairs and support various causes,
but they do not have as much direct access to powerful individuals, nor do they have the time and the wealth for extensive political activity.
• The other part of the middle class consists of the lower middle, a group that is less educated and have relatively few assets. |
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Term
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Definition
The upper-lower class, also called theworking class, consists of service personnel, semiskilled operatives, and other blue-collar workers who do not earn enough to accumulate substantial savings. These people are vulnerable to disruptions in their income.
• The lower-lower class is made up of people who lack education and live in the most dilapidated sections of the community and in substandard housing.
• The lower-lower class may be divided into two subgroups:
• The working poor are lower-lower-class people who have jobs but who simply cannot earn an adequate income; and
• The chronically poor are mostly unemployed or work only occasionally. |
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Term
| Illusion of the American Dream |
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Definition
1) can't work long or hard enough to make the dream
2) multiple jobs
3) little income despite multiple jobs
4) youth remaining at home / lack of jobs |
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Definition
| people are poor only in comparison to others, therefore there will always be some group at the bottom of the hierarchy |
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Definition
| life threatening lack of income/resources |
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| conscious effort to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with demands of society |
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Definition
| cultural values and norms internalized as conscience "can't have everything because..." |
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