Term
Social Stratification & Social Differntiation Relation |
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Definition
| Social Stratification is putting individuals into groups and Social Differentiation is a society being specialized over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| open system is easy for people to change their status & closed is difficult to change status. |
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Term
| Marx's theory of stratification |
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Definition
social structure is based on relationships to the means of production (labor organization)
bourgeise- owners of factories (upper class)
proletariat- ones doing work |
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Term
- Weber's theory of stratification
- 3 dimensions
- which is easiest to measure?
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Definition
- thought Marx oversimplified; believed other divisions exist that are at times independent of class
- class (economic standing)
- status (prestige)
- party (power)
- class easiest to measure
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Term
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Definition
| economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation. |
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Term
wealth vs income
(which has more inequality?) |
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Definition
| wealth is what you own at a particular time and income is the amount of money received in an interval of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with a particular social status. |
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Term
| conspicuous leisure & consumption |
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Definition
- conspicuous leisure- leisure motivated by social factors, like exotic, extended vacations
- conspicuous consumption- lavish spending of goods to demonstrate wealth.
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Term
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Definition
| ability of individuals and groups to realize their will in human affairs even if it involves the resistance of others. |
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Term
| recent changes in economic inequality |
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Definition
- sharp acceleration in growth of wealth for the 400 richest americans
- U.S. billionaires doubled from 95-99
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Term
- class def.
- relational model vs. distribuational model
- objective, self-placement, reputational methods
- are class divisions easier/harder to see in modern society?
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Definition
- upper, middle, and lower
- relational-classes are real, bounded strata that exist in conflicting relations;distributional-U.S. society as classless, class divisions are blurred by virtue of their continuous & uninterrupted natures.
- objective-social class as statistical category; self-placement- aka subjective, identify with the class you think you belong to; reputational- people asked to classify others.
- harder
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Term
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Definition
| minimum amount of money families need to purchase a nutrionally adequate diet, assuming they use one-third of their income for food. |
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Term
| where are the poor most likely to be? |
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Definition
| in the south (mississippi, louisiana, and new mexico have highest poverty rates) |
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Term
| Which groups are more likely to be poor? |
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Definition
| women, children, blacks, and hispanics, farmers, handicaps |
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Term
| feminization of poverty & child poverty |
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Definition
| women have a higher risk of poverty than men despite gains in employment and wage equality. 17.4% of children were living in poverty in 2006 |
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Term
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Definition
| population of people, concentrated in an inner city who are persistently poor, unemployed and depend on welfare |
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Term
| culture of poverty thesis & its shortcomings |
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Definition
| the poor in class-stratified capitalist societies lack effective participation and integration within the larger society. shortcomings=people want to be participate but are blocked by racist social order |
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Term
| poverty as situational & structural |
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Definition
- situational- supported by study that majority of population uses the welfare system at some point. people slip into poverty for a limited time.
- structural- cyclical movements between economic expansion and contraction (boom & bust) contribute to sharp fluctuations in employment.
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Term
social mobility
vertical/horizontal
inter/intragenerational |
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Definition
- groups moving from one social stratum to another.
- vertical- movement of social status to another of higher or lower rank; horizontal- movement from one social status to another of equal rank
- intergenerational- involves comparsion of the social status of parents & their children at some point in their respective careers (at same age); intragenerational- comparison of the social status of a person over an extended period of time
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Term
| parents ses status transferred to children through education |
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Definition
| parents social status has little direct impact on occupational attainment but plays indirect role in status attainment through its effect on schooling. |
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Term
dual labor market
importance of education |
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Definition
| primary market, core, offers "good jobs" & secondary offers "bad jobs" that provide poor pay, poor conditions, and little room for advancement. |
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Term
functional theories of stratification
-davis & moore
-gans "poor pay all" |
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Definition
functional theory- stratification exists because it is beneficial for society.
davis & moore- social stratification is both universal & necessary; no society is totally unstratified or classless
gans "poor pay all"- poverty is functional for only some people |
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Term
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Definition
| a social hierarchy that develops as global development occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a society moves from traditional or preindustrial social & economic arrangements to those characteristic of industrial societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka world system- view the social structures of developing nations as shaped by the historical experience of colonialism, timing and manner of their incorporation into the global capitalist economy, and the perpetuation of their dependency through political domination, multinational corps, and unfavorable exchange arrangements. |
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Term
| world systems theory (core, periphery, semi-periphery) |
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Definition
a set of mechanisms which redistributes resources from the periphery & core.
core-developed
periphery-underdeveloped
semi-periphery-semi-developed |
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Term
| new international divison of labor |
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Definition
| The allocation of various parts of the production process to different places in the world. Takes place in underdevloped countries. |
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Term
| socially marginalized groups |
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Definition
| vulnerable and frequently victimized populations who have little economic, political, and social power...ex. cancer and aids patients, elderly, children |
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Term
| census bureau approach to racial identity |
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Definition
| racial classification schemes employed by U.S. Census over the past 200 years were shaped by social, political, and cultural factors. |
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Term
| biology & race as a scientific construct |
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Definition
| Human Genome Project found that neither races nor ethnicities can be distinguished by a consistent pattern of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people who see themselves, and are seen by others, as having hereditary traits that set them apart. |
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Term
race as social construction
societal vs. individual |
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Definition
societal-people experience unequal outcomes in society because of their race.
individual- because race is real, it is real in its consequences. these consequences signifcantly affect how people define themselves, how they interact with others, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| race is hereditary traits and ethnicity is identified by cultural grounds |
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Term
| characteristics of minority groups |
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Definition
| not voluntary, marry within own group generally, characterized by physical or cultural traits that distinguish it from the dominant group. |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it |
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Term
| frustration-aggression theory |
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Definition
| prejudice is a form of scapegoating that results from displaced aggression |
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Term
| socialization theory of prejudice |
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Definition
| prejudiced attitudes are part of the culture people internalize during socialization by parents, friends, etc. |
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Term
| sense of group position theory |
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Definition
| prejudice flows from people's perceptions of the position of their group relative to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| process is a process in which members of one or more groups or categories in society are denied priveleges, power, etc. |
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Term
| merton's theory of discrimination and prejudice |
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Definition
| organizational policy and climate and the law strongly influence people to behave in ways that are inconsistent with their attitudes. |
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Term
| institutional discrimination |
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Definition
| institutions of society may function in such a way that they produce unequal outcomes for different groups...ex. job qualifications |
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Term
| equality of outcome policies |
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Definition
| parity in family income, housing, and the other necessities for keeping families strong and healthy. |
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Term
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Definition
| decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and positions of privilege, prestige, and power within a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of locating incinerators and other types of hazardous waste facilities in or next to minority communities |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to those processes whereby groups with distinctive identities become culturally and socially fused. |
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Term
| melting pot vs. anglo conformity |
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Definition
melting pot-peoples and cultures would produce new people and a new civilization.
anglo-conformity- immigrants give up their cultural traits for the dominant American groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group, cultural assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
| members of different ethnic groups participate with one another in the major instiutional structures of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| impossible to distinguish the ethnic groups that were formerly distinct |
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Term
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Definition
| offers racial and ethnic groups a solution to not completely assimilating into a dominant society..having separate country within another..ex. french candaians in france |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse groups coexist and boundaries between them are maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. indian removal act of 1830, removed native americans from southeastern states to land west of mississippi |
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Definition
| allows for political and economic subjugations of blacks and other non-Europeans. |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate & systematic extermination of a racial or ethnic group |
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Term
| largest minority group in US |
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Definition
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Term
| why Puerto Ricans are disproportionately poor? |
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Definition
| victims of intense prejudice and discrimination and extreme occupational segregation |
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Term
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Definition
| economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same occupational level. |
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Term
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Definition
| kept blacks out of society |
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Term
| civil rights movement (when?) |
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Definition
| May 17, 1954, segregation unconstitutional...civil rights acts of 64, 65 & 68 |
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Term
wilson's race over class theory
-spatial mismatch |
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Definition
race had become less important than social class because civil rights leg. and aff. action programs have resulted in greater educ., income, & occupational differentiation.
spatial mismatch- job opportunities are far from where low-income people live
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Term
| unique status of american tribes |
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Definition
| lands are protected by the government, live on reservations, can gamble |
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Term
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Definition
| relocation of eastern tribes to lands west of mississippi. also called trail of tears |
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Term
| poor conditions on reservations |
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Definition
| life expectancy is 45, alcoholism, suicide, obesity, diabetes |
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Term
| asian americans "topping out" |
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Definition
| reaching positions beyond which their employers fail to promote them |
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Term
| symbolic ethnicity among whites |
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Definition
| ethnicity that contributes to individual identity and family relationships but does not create or sustain strong ethnic group ties |
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Term
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Definition
| power, privelege, prestige, economic resources |
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Term
| difference between sex and gender |
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Definition
| gender is social distinctions that deal with sex differences |
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Term
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Definition
| sociology depends on nurture side; gender is social construction |
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Term
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Definition
| we identify ourself as male or female |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not just obeying rules of society, trying to keep identity |
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Term
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Definition
belief that one gender is superior to the other
-men and women naturally suited for diff roles
-inequality justified by these biological diffs |
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Term
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Definition
| some things keep women from certain roles in society; policies, procedures, & practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women |
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Term
| identification theory of gender |
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Definition
boys identify with older boys & men
girls identify with older girls & women |
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Term
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Definition
boys and girls eyes wired diff.
boys=motion girls=aesthetics,boys more geared towards physical aggression & risk taking, stress- boys have heightened senses and reduced sensitivity to pain |
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Term
| household division of labor |
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Definition
| men and women share more in chores and childcare but women still do more |
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Term
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Definition
60% of women are in labor force
professional class dominated by men
women work more part time
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Term
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Definition
- feminist movement
- -1880's-1930's focused on legal rights (voting)
- 1960's-1980's- focus on more equality in work, politics, family
- 1990's- called post-feminism split ideology
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Term
| why women entered workforce (economic reasons) |
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Definition
| to help with the war effort |
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Term
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Definition
| women make 77cents for every $1 a man makes |
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Term
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Definition
| most people work in section dominated by their gender |
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Term
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Definition
| entry level positions don't offer much advancement |
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Term
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Definition
| womes potential has a stop to it |
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Term
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Definition
hostile work environment for sexual reasons
has power difference involved
freedom to express concerns is limited |
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Term
| three factors that affect population |
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Definition
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Term
| crude rates and why they are used less |
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Definition
crude birth rate- live births per 1000 women
crude death rate- deaths per 1000 people
both are greatly affected by age structure which makes them less comparable |
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Term
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Definition
| Total Fertility Rate-total births to each adult woman |
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Term
| life expectancy- what does it mean? |
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Definition
| median age a person in a given year could be expected to live to if he/she lived every year of life in that year |
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Term
| demographic transition theory |
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Definition
-modernization is the driving force that reduces death rates & then reduces birth rates but only after a delay
-urban growth provides the workforce for industrial development |
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