Term
| A strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of human society |
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Definition
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| The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces |
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Definition
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Term
| A complex group of interdependent positions that perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time |
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Definition
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| Defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it |
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Definition
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| Prepares students both academically and culturally for college |
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Definition
| Primary and Secondary Educational System |
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Term
| Acts as an extended screening and sorting mechanism to help determine who goes to college and to which one |
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Definition
| Primary and Secondary Educational System |
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Term
| A private company that has a virtual monopoly on the standardized tests that screen for college admissions |
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Definition
| Educational Testing Service |
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Term
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Definition
| Educational Testing Service |
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| Encompasses the entire economy that allows employees to be paid |
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Definition
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| The language in which instruction takes place at the majority of U.S. colleges |
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Term
| Invented "social physics" or "positivism" |
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Definition
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Term
| Comte's first historical stage in which society seemed to be the result of divine will |
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Definition
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| Comte's second historical stage in which humankind's behavior was governed by natural, biological instincts |
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Definition
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| Comte's third historical stage in which social physics were developed to identify the scientific laws that govern human behavior |
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Definition
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| The first person to translate Comte into English |
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Definition
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| Author of Theory and Practice of Society in America |
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Definition
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| Authored the first methods book in sociology, How to Observe Morals and Manners |
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| Considered one of the earliest feminist social scientists writing in the English language |
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Definition
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| The founding fathers of the sociological discipline |
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Definition
| Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel |
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| An ideological alternative to capitalism |
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| Most famous of the early sociologists |
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Definition
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| Author of the basis for Communism |
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| Said to have brought ideas back into history |
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Definition
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| Author of Economy and Society |
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Definition
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| author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |
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Definition
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| Contributed the concept of Verstehen |
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Definition
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| Another word for government |
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| This concept forms the object of inquiry for interpretive sociology |
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Definition
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| To study how social actors understand their actions and the social world through experience |
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| Author of The Division of Labor in Society |
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Definition
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| Author of The Elemental Forms of Religious Life |
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Definition
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| Founding practitioner of positivist sociology |
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| Helped originate the functionalist impulse |
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Definition
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| Coined the term "social facts" |
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| Refers to the degree to which jobs are specialized |
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Definition
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| The way social cohesion among individuals is maintained |
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Definition
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Term
| A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonable expect life to be predictable |
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Definition
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Term
| Too little social regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Often called the "normal science" of modern sociology |
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Definition
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| Established formal sociology |
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Definition
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Term
| A sociology of pure numbers |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans' behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of Urbanism as a Way of Life |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed the theory of the "social self" |
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Definition
| Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead |
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Term
| Best known for the concept of the "looking-glass self" |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of Mind, Self, and Society |
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Definition
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Term
| Our view of the views of society as a whole that transcends individuals or particular situations |
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Definition
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Term
| First African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard |
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Definition
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Term
| First sociologist to undertake ethnography in the African American community |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed the idea of double consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| Cofounded the NAACP in 1909 |
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Definition
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Term
| Describes the two behavioral scripts which are constantly maintained by African Americans |
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Definition
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Term
| The two scripts of double consciousness |
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Definition
| One for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers |
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Term
| A term coined by DuBois meaning an elite of highly educated professionals |
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Definition
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Definition
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
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Definition
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| An institution that attempted to link the ideas of the Chicago School to the poor through a full service community center |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running |
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Definition
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Term
| An extension of organicism |
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Definition
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Term
| Embodied the theory of functionalism through his work |
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Definition
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Term
| Explicit, in terms of functionalism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden, in terms of functionalism |
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Term
| The notion that society is like a living organism, each part of which serves an important role in keeping society together |
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Definition
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Term
| Authors of The Bell Curve |
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Definition
| Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray |
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Term
| The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general |
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Definition
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Term
| An emphasis on women's experiences and a belief that sociology and society in general subordinate women |
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Definition
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Term
| Emphasizes equality between men and women |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of Sex, Gender and Society |
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Definition
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Term
| A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions |
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Definition
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Term
| Appearing to be self-constituting rather than flimsily constructed by ourselves or others |
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Definition
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Term
| Exemplified the paradigm of symbolic interactionism |
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Definition
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Term
| Laid the groundwork for symbolic interactionism using the language of theater |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations |
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Definition
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Term
| An entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity |
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Definition
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Term
| Coined the term midrange theory |
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Definition
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Term
| A theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function |
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Definition
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Term
| The explanation of unique cases |
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Definition
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Term
| A concentration on the commonalities that can be abstracted across cases |
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Definition
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Term
| Those who deal in numbers |
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Definition
| Statistical or Quantitative Researchers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Concerned with the meaning of social phenomena |
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Definition
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Term
| Seeks to understand local interactional contexts |
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Definition
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Term
| A distinction of sociology whose methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and indepth interviews |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis or across the breadth of society |
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Definition
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Term
| Approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions |
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Definition
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Term
| The two general categories of methods for gathering sociological data |
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Definition
| Quantitative and Qualitative Methods |
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Term
| Methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods that attempt to collect information abut the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form |
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Definition
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Term
| Spending time with people and recording what they say and do |
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Definition
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Term
| The general goal of sociology |
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Definition
| Allow us to see how our individual lives are intimately related to and in turn affect the social forces that exist beyond us |
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Term
| The tow ways to approach research |
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Definition
| Deductively and Inductively |
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Term
| A research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes them empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject or modify the original theory |
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Definition
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Term
| A research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Simultaneous variation in two variables |
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Definition
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Term
| A love of fast cars, wine, late nights, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| The notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another |
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Definition
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Term
| Three factors needed to establish correlation |
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Definition
| Correlation, Time Order, Ruling Out Alternative Explanations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A |
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Definition
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Term
| The outcome that the researcher is trying to explain |
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Definition
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Term
| A measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important independent variable |
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Definition
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Term
| A proposed relationship between two variables usually with a stated direction |
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Definition
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Term
| The term that refers to whether your variables move positive or negative |
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Definition
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Term
| The direction caused when variables move together |
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Definition
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Term
| The direction caused when variables move in opposite directions |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in particular study |
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Definition
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Term
| Variables that affect the relationship between independent and dependent variables |
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Definition
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Term
| Variables that are positioned between the independent and dependent variables but do not interact with either to affect the relationship between them |
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Definition
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Term
| The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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Definition
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Term
| Likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
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Definition
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Term
| The extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects that researchers have on the very processes and relationships they are studying by the virtue of being there |
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Definition
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Term
| Interviews, ethnography, participant observation |
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Definition
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Term
| Analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and affect on, our research |
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Definition
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Term
| An entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn |
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Definition
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Term
| The subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data |
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Definition
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Term
| A collection of information on the entire population as opposed to a sample |
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Definition
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Term
| Often used in qualitative research, an indepth look at a specific phenomenon in a particular social setting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Main drawback of case studies |
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Definition
| Findings with Low Generalizability |
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Term
| A set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of systems or methods that promote social science for women |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of systems or methods that takes into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter |
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Definition
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Term
| Rely heavily on quantitative measures |
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Definition
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Term
| Rely heavily on qualitative measures |
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Definition
| Interpretive Sociologists |
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Term
| Largely about collecting empirical evidence to generate or test empirical claims |
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Definition
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Term
| A qualitative research method that seeks to observe social actions in practice |
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Definition
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Term
| Aims to uncover the meanings people give to their actions by observing those actions in practice |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally treat the state as a uniform structure that operates in the same way in all places on all people all of the time |
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Definition
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Term
| The contexts in which the participant observations occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Interviews in which the researchers have more than just a set of topics to cover in no preset order |
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Definition
| Semi-Structured Interviews |
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Term
| The researchers develop a specific set of questions to address with all the respondents in a relatively fixed sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| A very structured interview |
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Definition
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Term
| An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents |
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Definition
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Term
| May be done anonymously and distributed widely |
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Definition
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Term
| One measured factor is held constant or statistically removed from the picture to pin down the effect of another factor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Allows us to track how attitudes change in the country over time by sampling a new group each survey wave |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tracks the same individuals, households, or other social units over time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Panel Study of Income Dynamics |
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Term
| Research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork and other artifacts that date to a prior time under study |
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Definition
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Term
| The notion that our culture, lacking a history of feudalism, was uniquely individualistic and nonpaternalistic |
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Definition
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Term
| Comparing two or more historical societies |
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Definition
| Comparative Historical Research |
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Term
| A methodology by which two or more entities, which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one question, are compared to learn about the dimensions that differs between them |
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Definition
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Term
| Methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields |
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Definition
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Term
| Often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention |
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Definition
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Term
| A systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to what we can observe |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to what is implied but not stated outright |
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Definition
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Term
| Already collected statistical information |
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Definition
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Term
| The practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a nonacademic audience for a normative, productive end |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How well people relate to each other and get along on a day to day basis |
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Definition
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Term
| Durkheim's two basic ways society can cohere |
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Definition
| Mechanical Solidarity, Organic Solidarity |
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Term
| Social cohesion based on sameness |
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Definition
| Mechanical or Segmental Solidarity |
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Term
| Characterized premodern society |
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Definition
| Mechanical or Segmental Solidarity |
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Term
| Social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterizes modern society |
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Definition
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Term
| Produces social sanctions that focus on the individual |
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Definition
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Term
| Resulted in a dramatic increase in productivity |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of common assumptions about how the world works |
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Definition
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Term
| Making the offender suffer and thus defining the boundaries of acceptable behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to an offense or event |
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Definition
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Term
| The first five books of the Old Testament |
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Definition
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Term
| Those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| Two categories sociologists use to classify mechanisms of social control |
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Definition
| Formal Social Sanctions, Informal Social Sanctions |
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Term
| Mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| The usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership |
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Definition
| Informal Social Sanctions |
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Term
| The unspoken rules of social life |
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Definition
| Informal Social Sanctions |
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Term
| How well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of rules guiding your daily life |
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Definition
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Term
| What you can reasonably expect from the world on a day to day basis |
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Definition
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Term
| Suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Definition
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Term
| Suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
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Definition
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Term
| Japanese ritual suicide in which samurai warriors who had failed their group in battle would disembowel themselves with a sword rather than continue to live as a disgrace in the community |
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Definition
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Term
| Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed their planes into Allied warships |
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Definition
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Term
| The act of suicide by Hindu widows who were expected to throw themselves onto their husbands' funeral pyres to prove their devotion |
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Definition
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Term
| A depressed outlook in which sufferers lack the will to take action to improve their lives even when obvious avenues are present |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable |
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Definition
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Term
| Too little social regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of who gets what and why |
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Definition
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Term
| Greatly influenced the political ideas of the French Revolution and the development of socialist thought |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that a person has the right to own something |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist |
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Definition
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Term
| Two forms of inequality according to Rousseau |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Consists in a difference of age, health, bodily strength, and the qualities of the mind or of the soul |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Depends on a kind of conventional inequality and is established or at least authorized by the consent of men |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of the different privileges which some men enjoy to the prejudice of others |
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Definition
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Term
| A result of different privileges and uneven access to resources |
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Definition
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Term
| Three men that agreed that inequality arises when private property emerges and that private property emerges when resources can be preserved |
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Definition
| Adam Ferguson, John Millar, Thomas Robert Malthus |
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Term
| A form of wealth that can be stored for the future |
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Definition
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Term
| Comes from the French expression aver assez |
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Definition
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Term
| A French term meaning to have enough |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of the treatise An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society |
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Definition
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Term
| Argued that human populations grow geometrically while our ability to produce food increases only arithmetically |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which levels of inequality are reduced to temporarily ease the condition of the masses thereby causing their numbers to swell even more |
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Definition
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Term
| A doubling of the population from one generation to the next |
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Definition
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Term
| German philosopher who viewed history in terms of a master slave dialectic |
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Definition
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
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Term
| A two directional relationship |
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Definition
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Term
| A relationship that goes both ways |
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Definition
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Term
| The notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God |
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Definition
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Term
| Four standards of equality |
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Definition
| Ontological Equality, Equality of Opportunity, Equality Condition, Equality of Outcome |
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Term
| The idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair |
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Definition
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Term
| A society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of society of modern capitalists |
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Definition
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Term
| A rigid set of antiblack statutes that relegated African Americans to the status of second class citizens through educational, economic, and political exclusion |
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Definition
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Term
| A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability |
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Definition
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Term
| A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point |
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Definition
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Term
| Involves preferential selection to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business form which they have historically been excluded |
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Definition
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Term
| A position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the game |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of Critique of the Gotha Programme |
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Definition
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Term
| The notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Societies where human groups within them are ranked hierarchically into strata along one or more social dimensions |
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Definition
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Term
| Four ideal types of social stratification |
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Definition
| Estate System, Caste System, Class System, Status Hierarchy System |
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Term
| Fifth ideal type of social stratification sometimes added to the original four |
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Definition
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Term
| Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily found in feudal Europe from the medieval era through the eighteenth century and in the American south before the civil war |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Clergy, Nobility, Commoners |
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Term
| Political system of stratification |
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Definition
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Term
| Religion based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Religious system of stratification |
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Definition
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Term
| System of stratification primarily found in south Asia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Four main castes of the Varna stystem |
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Definition
| Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra |
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Term
| Untouchables in the Varna system |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower order of the Shudra |
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Definition
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Term
| Excluded from the performance of any rituals that confer purity |
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Definition
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Term
| Priests in the Varna system |
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Definition
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Term
| Warriors in the Varna system |
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Definition
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Term
| Traders in the Varna system |
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Definition
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Term
| Workers in the Varna system |
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Definition
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Term
| Communities in which memories generally marry within the group |
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Definition
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Term
| Intermarrying between castes |
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Definition
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Term
| Little to no individual mobility within the caste ranks |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of an entire caste leapfrogging over another to obtain a higher position in the hierarchy |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Implies an economic basis for the fundamental cleavages in society |
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Definition
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Term
| Two theorists who heavily influenced notions of class in sociological analysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Every mode of production has its own unique social relations of production |
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Definition
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Term
| Two antagonistic classes in a fully developed capitalist society |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bourgeoisie or Capitalist Class |
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Term
| Extracts surplus value from the proletariat even when a few of the proletariat make high incomes |
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Definition
| Bourgeoisie or Capitalist Class |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sells its labor to the bourgeoisie in order to receive wages and thereby survive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two pure classes |
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Definition
| Contradictory Class Locations |
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Term
| Recent Marxist theorist who suggests that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two pure classes |
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Definition
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Term
| A group including professionals, craftsmen, and other self employed individuals or small business owners |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The impact of relationships with family members such as spouses who are in different class locations |
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Definition
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Term
| Argues that a class is a group that has at its basis common life chances or opportunities available to it in the marketplace |
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Definition
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Term
| Contributed most heavily to modern day sociologists' understanding of status |
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Definition
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Term
| Weber's two basic categories for all class situations |
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Definition
| Property or Lack of Property |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A system of stratification based on social prestige |
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Definition
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Term
| Communities united by either a positive or negative social estimation of their honor |
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Definition
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Term
| Determined by what society as a whole thinks of the particular lifestyle of the community to which you belong |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most centrally defining aspects of our life |
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Definition
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Term
| Creators of the Index of Occupational Status |
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Definition
| Peter M. Blau, Otis Dudley Duncan |
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Term
| A poll of the general public about the prestige of certain occupations |
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Definition
| Index of Occupational Status |
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Term
| Another name for the Index of Occupational Status |
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Definition
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Term
| System of stratification that has a governing elite |
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Definition
| Elite Mass Dichotomy System |
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Term
| A system in which a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society |
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Definition
| Elite Mass Dichotomy System |
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Term
| Author of The Mind and Society |
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Definition
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Term
| The imbalance of a small number of people causing a disproportionately large effect |
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Definition
| Pareto Principle, 80/20 Rule |
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Term
| An individual who is cunning, unscrupulous, and innovative |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual who is purposeful and decisive and uses action and force |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Power Elite |
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Definition
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Term
| Three major institutional forces in modern American society where the power of decision making has become centralized |
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Definition
| Economic Institutions, Political Order, Military Order |
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Term
| A few hundred giant corporations holding the key to economic decision |
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Definition
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Term
| The increasing concentration of power in the federal government |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest and most expensive feature of government |
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Definition
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Term
| Those who have most of what there is to possess |
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Definition
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Term
| Those in the power elite who interchange commanding roles at the top of one dominant institutional order with those in another |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes the professional go betweens of economic, political, and military affairs |
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Definition
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Term
| Those in the power elite who change more readily than the core and are individuals who count in the decisions that affect all of us but who don't actually make those decisions |
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Definition
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Term
| Money received by a person for work from transfers or from returns on investments |
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Definition
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Term
| A family's or individual's net worth |
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Definition
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Term
| Total assets minus total debts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| An individual's position in a stratified social order |
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Definition
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Term
| A term for the economic elite |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality |
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Definition
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Term
| A complete guide to American life for immigrants and Americans |
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Definition
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Term
| A term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A two parent household with two kids and an income of $68,000 |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Great Risk Shift |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The poor who deserve assistance |
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Definition
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Term
| The poor who can work but don't and therefore have a weaker moral claim on assistance |
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Definition
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Term
| Also called the underclass |
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Definition
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Term
| The rise in the trade of goods and services across national boundaries as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration |
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Definition
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Term
| The less developed regions of the world |
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Definition
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Term
| The first fuel that drove industrialization |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society |
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Definition
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Term
| A group or individual transitioning from one social status to another situated more or less on the same rung o the ladder |
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Definition
| Horizontal Social Mobility |
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Term
| The rise or fall of an individual or group from one social stratum to another |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of vertical social mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Rises from a lower stratum into a higher one or creates an entirely new group that exists at a higher stratum |
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Definition
| Ascending Vertical Mobility |
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Term
| The language spoken by the Igbo people in southeast Nigeria |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of descending vertical mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Tow types of individual mobility studies |
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Definition
| Mobility Tables, Status Attainment Models |
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Term
| Matrices used to study individual mobility |
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Definition
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Term
| Managers and professionals |
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Definition
| Upper Nonmanual Occupations |
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Term
| Administrative and clerical workers |
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Definition
| Lower Nonmanual Occupations |
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Term
| Low level entrepreneurs and retail salespeople |
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Definition
| Lower Nonmanual Occupations |
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Term
| Skilled workers who primarily use physical labor such as plumbers and electricians |
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Definition
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Term
| Unskilled physical laborers |
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Definition
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Term
| Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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Definition
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Term
| Individuals changing jobs in a way that ultimately balances out |
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Definition
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Term
| Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status including income and educational attainment and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations |
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Definition
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Term
| Money made from investments increasing in value |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Levied after the death of an individual and aimed at estates that have a net worth over a certain amount |
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Definition
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Term
| Authors of Death by a Thousand Cuts |
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Definition
| Michael J. Graetz, Ian Shapiro |
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Term
| American author of dime novels that told rags to riches stories |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bureau of Inverse Technology |
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Term
| Author of Quantitative Aspects of the Group |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The most intimate form of social life |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The most intimate social arrangement in our society |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships in which one of two parties is forced to stay in the dyad |
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Definition
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Term
| A relationship of two that is voluntary |
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Definition
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Term
| Three basic forms of political relations that can evolve within a triad depending on what role the entering third party assumes |
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Definition
| Mediator, Tertius Gaudens, Divide et Impera |
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Term
| Tries to resolve the conflict between the other two and is sometimes brought in for that explicit purpose |
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Definition
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Term
| The third that rejoices in Latin |
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Definition
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Term
| The new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group |
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Definition
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Term
| Latin for divide and conquer |
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Definition
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Term
| The role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group |
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Definition
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Term
| Three types of groups larger than a dyad or triad |
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Definition
| Small Group, Parties, Large Groups |
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Term
| A group characterized by face to face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements and a certain level of equality |
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Definition
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Term
| There is one center of attention at any given time |
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Definition
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Term
| All members of the group at any given time are present and together interact with one another |
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Definition
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Term
| A group that is similar to a small group but multifocal |
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Definition
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Term
| A group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and consequently status differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed the idea of primary and secondary groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Social groups such as family or friends composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Groups marked by impersonal instrumental relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships existing as a means to an end |
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Definition
| Instrumental Relationships |
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Term
| The person chosen to interact with the company's management |
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Definition
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Term
| Carried out a now famous series of experiments to demonstrate the power of norms of group conformity |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for the powerful group and most often the majority |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for the stigmatized or less powerful minority group |
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Definition
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Term
| A group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of relations held together by ties between individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network |
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Definition
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Term
| The sum of stories contained in a set of ties |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of tie that is spelled out explicitly in a written story |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network |
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Definition
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Term
| Coined the phrase Strength of Weak Ties |
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Definition
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Term
| The notion that often relatively weak ties turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information |
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Definition
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Term
| Ties not reinforced through indirect paths |
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Definition
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Term
| A gap between network clusters or even two individuals if those individuals have complementary resources |
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Definition
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Term
| A third party that connects two groups or individuals who would be better off in contact with each other |
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Definition
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Term
| Studied managers in a large corporation to study structural holes |
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Definition
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Term
| A market in which no restriction on information exists and all buyers and sellers can reach one another |
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Definition
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Term
| A market in which one firm provides necessary information or resources to a multitude of people |
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Definition
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Term
| Undertook research that supported the six degrees of separation theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Man who noticed that Milgram's findings were wrong |
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Definition
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Term
| The nation's first and most important home office |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Home Office Guide |
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Definition
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Term
| Caused the number of folks who used their home as their principal place of business to skyrocket |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic system in which property and goods are primarily owned privately, investments are determined by private decisions and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined by competition in a free market |
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Definition
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Term
| Started to develop along with the agricultural and industrial revolutions in Europe |
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Definition
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Term
| Economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs |
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Definition
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Term
| A nobleman who owned land in the feudal system |
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Definition
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Term
| A person who was granted land in the feudal system |
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Definition
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Term
| The land granted to a vassal by a lord |
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Definition
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Term
| The lowest class in feudal society formed of peasants |
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Definition
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Term
| Bound to land and required to give the lord a portion of their production |
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Definition
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Term
| Open fields during the Tudor Period in England that existed for the public good |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| The history of humankind's struggle to control and dominate nature through the use of technology |
|
Definition
| History of Social Relations |
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Term
| Determine our mode of social relationships in a given epoch |
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Definition
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Term
| The introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production |
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Definition
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Term
| Lowered the amount of labor needed per acre |
|
Definition
| Technological Improvements |
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Term
| Handicrafts and subsistence farming |
|
Definition
| Small Scale Artisan Labor |
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Term
| Fabric manufacturing such as clothing, rugs, and upholstery |
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Definition
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Term
| A weaving machine powered by driving shafts |
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Definition
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Term
| The establishment of a legal currency |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| A legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from its members, namely its owners and shareholders |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of ownership that creates a division between the individual and the business entity |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Limited Liability Partnership |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Anonymous society in Spanish |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Capitalism's greatest advocate |
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Definition
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Term
| The father of liberal economics |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of The Wealth of Nations |
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Definition
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Term
| Rules constraining the game are followed |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Scottish essayist who dubbed the term cash nexus |
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Definition
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Term
| A system in which people are paid in money that is not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process |
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Definition
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Term
| Payment is not tied to the productive value of the works at all but related to the appropriate standard of living for someone at that particular grade level and amount of experience |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then conform them as alien powers |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society |
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Definition
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Term
| Four forms of alienation under capitalism according to Marx |
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Definition
| Product, Process, Other People, One's Self |
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Term
| Workers do not know the product or have complete knowledge of what they are producing |
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Definition
| Alienation from the Product |
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Term
| Wooden form around which to construct a shoe |
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Definition
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Term
| The rhythm of work is not controlled by the individual producer but by some larger social force institution or individual |
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Definition
| Alienation from the Process |
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Term
| The result of capitalism turning all relations into market relations |
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Definition
| Alienation from Other People |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becomes monetized in a wage labor system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The result of stifling our natural creativity in a capitalist society |
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Definition
| Alienation from Ourselves |
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Term
| A crisis in which the system is so efficient that it produces an abundance of goods |
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Definition
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Term
| An economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution |
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Definition
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Term
| A political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but need |
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Definition
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Term
| High earnings can be theoretically used to purchase leisure |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of earnings a worker is missing out on if he declines work opportunities |
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Definition
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Term
| Higher wages mean that the opportunity cost of not working rises |
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Definition
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Term
| Those not employed full time but working on a contract to contract or freelance basis |
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Definition
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Term
| A wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children |
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Definition
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Term
| Offered the first family wage |
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Definition
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Term
| A wage paid to men that was high enough that children and wives need not work |
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Definition
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Term
| A male breadwinner and his female dependent |
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Definition
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Term
| Teams of scientists who dropped by unannounced to check on workers' private lives |
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Definition
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Term
| Women's wages to be used on luxuries and nonessentials |
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Definition
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Term
| Argued that marriage is one of the linchpins of inequality in American society |
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Definition
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Term
| A feminist economist who has argued that men still have a vested interest in maintaining their privileged position as exclusive living wage earners |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An economist who has argued that not just men but also employers and capitalist owners stand to gain from women's weaker position in the labor market |
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Definition
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Term
| The information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks |
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Definition
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Term
| Author of Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Author of Habits of the Heart |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Author of Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexually Transmitted Infection |
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|
Term
| Scientists who study the spread of diseases |
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Definition
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|
Term
| You do not date the ex of your ex's current boyfriend |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Organizations that have a set of governing structures and rules for their internal arrangements |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Organizations that do not have a set of governing structures and rules for their internal arrangements |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A term used to refer to exclusive social groups and derives literally from fraternities, businesses, and country clubs that allowed only men to join |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group |
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Definition
| Organizational Culture or Corporate Culture |
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|
Term
| The ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The phenomenon whereby the members of corporate boards often sit on boards of directors for multiple companies |
|
Definition
| Interlocking Directorates |
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|
Term
| The reason so many businesses that evolve in very different ways still end up with such similar organizational structures |
|
Definition
| Institutional Isomorphism |
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|
Term
| A constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A school of social theory that essentially tries to develop a sociological view of institutions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Eliminated quotas on national origin and replaced this approach with a system of family preferences |
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Definition
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|
Term
| author of The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Authors of The Time Divide: Work, Family, and Gender Inequality |
|
Definition
| Jerry Jacobs, Kathleen Gerson |
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|
Term
| Coined the term post feminist expectations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The desire to combine marriage to a communicative, egalitarian man with motherhood and a successful, engaging career |
|
Definition
| Post Feminist Expectations |
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Term
| Economist who suggested that is not Americans' greedy consumer spending habits that are putting them in a financial bind but rather that they are pinched by the cost of safe housing in good school districts combined with the high cost of health care and destabilized career paths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The economic activity that involves providing intangible services |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The largest occupation for women without a college education |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch and intensify worldwide social exchanges and interdependencies |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Four recent phenomena that make the current period of globalization novel |
|
Definition
| New Markets, New Means of Exchange, New Players, New Rules |
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|
Term
| Financial markets where anyone with the proper equipment can participate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acts as the regulation authority for trade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corporations located in more than one country |
|
Definition
| Multinational Corporations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| North American Free Trade Agreement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Central American Free Trade Agreement |
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|
Term
| Means that it doesn't result from the negotiations between two nation states, but rather are the end result of negotiations among multiple players and thus enforce rights, impose sanctions, or encourage business at a regional or worldwide level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unequal global distribution of income so named for its shape |
|
Definition
| Champagne Glass Distribution |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A body of people that has authority to act as an individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intended to protect the rights of freed slaves but also granted corporations the legal status of persons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The form of business that occurs when there is only one seller of a good or service in the market leading to zero competition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The condition when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Coordination of firms that have enough market power to set prices |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The use of insider political knowledge to earn profits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A business decision to move all or part of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The right that protects unionization in America and is considered implicit in the First Amendment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
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|
Term
| Provided a government guarantee to depositors' accounts up to a certain limit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A private contract between two parties in which one pays the other a premium so that if the underlying loan or bond defaults then the entity that has been paying the premium gets a lump sum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exempted credit default swaps from federal oversight and gave the contracts immunity from state gambling laws |
|
Definition
| Commodity Futures Modernization Act |
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|
Term
| A set of beliefs, traditions and practices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A set of beliefs, traditions and practices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors, and practices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| That which is not the natural environment around us |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The past participle of the Latin verb colere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latin for to cultivate or till the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growing fish and other aquatic organisms for human consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior man minus inferior man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three major Greek styles of columns in architecture |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Idealized nonwestern savages in contrast to corrupt and debased Europeans |
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| The belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own |
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| Poet and critic who redefined culture as the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world in contrast to narrow self cenderedness and material gain |
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| Author of Culture and Anarchy |
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| Argued that culture is an ideal standing in opposition to the real world |
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| Argued that God is the ideal form of anything |
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| Painted La Grande Odalisque |
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| Nonmaterial Culture, Material Culture |
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| Values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
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| Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment including technology |
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| Expressions constructed from colons, semicolons, parentheses, dashes and other marks of punctuation |
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| A system of concepts and relationships |
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| An understanding of cause and effect |
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| The field in which the scholarly study of culture began in the United States |
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| Founded the first Ph.D. program in anthropology and developed the concept of cultural relativity |
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| Coined the term cultural relativism |
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| Author of Patterns of Culture |
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| Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value |
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| Author of Coming of Age in Samoa |
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| Modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural |
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| An American anthropologist famous for his studies and writing on culture especially the meaning of cockfighting in Bali |
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| Argued that baseball serves a function in the United States similar to cockfighting's in Bali |
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| Author of The Interpretation of Cultures |
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| The distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society |
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| A group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society |
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| The practice of promoting schoolchildren to the next grade to keep them with their peers regardless of whether they are capable of completing grade level work |
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| Going to college, obtaining a job, and becoming economically self-sufficient |
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| How values tell us to behave |
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| The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society |
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| The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere |
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| A screen onto which the film of the underlying reality of social structures of our society is projected |
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Term
| Means that when you invest money in a publicly traded corporation you are not responsible for their debt |
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| Any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information |
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| Italian political theorist and activist who came up with the concept of hegemony |
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| A condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary consent of the masses |
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| Getting people to do what you want them to by force |
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| Author of Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature |
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| Argued that women exhibit a great deal of individual agency when reading romance novels |
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| Author of Deciding What's News |
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| Public Service Announcement |
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| A set of standards in the film industry created to protect the moral fabric of society |
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| Author of Culture of Fear: Why American's Are Afraid of the Wrong Things |
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| Asserts that as a culture, we grossly exaggerate frequency of rarely occurring events |
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| Author of a film titled Killing Us Softly: Advertising's Image of Women |
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| The steady acquisition of material possessions often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved |
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| Author of No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies |
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| The act of turning media against themselves |
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| A form of guerrilla cultural resistance that involves seizing control of the frequency of a radio station |
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Term
| A form of guerrilla cultural resistance that involves seizing control of the frequency of a radio station |
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| The sole goal is the destruction of property |
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| A Canadian magazine that specializes in spoofs of popular advertising campaigns |
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| Political scientist who coined the terms soft and hard power |
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| Cultural and diplomatic dominance that persuades rather than forces others to do one's bidding |
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| Coercion and the projection of military force |
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| A condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances |
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| Housing and Urban Development |
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Definition
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
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| A special education program for problem kids |
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| Author of The Culture of Poverty |
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Definition
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| The argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle class mainstream society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances |
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| The pooling of community resources as a form of informal social insurance |
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| The cultural arrangement where the mother assumes structural prominence |
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| Author of The Unheavenly City |
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| Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children |
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| Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program |
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| Author of Designing Income Maintenance Systems |
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| Inaugurated the concept of the underclass |
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| The notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous |
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| Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior |
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| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcilliation Act |
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| Author of What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances |
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| Authors of The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life |
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Definition
| Richard Herrnstein, Charles Murray |
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| The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members |
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| A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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| A paradigm in which the psychological aspects of poverty exacerbates household stress levels which leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling, shouting, and hitting which are not conducive to healthy child development |
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Definition
| Parenting Stress Hypothesis |
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Term
| A measure of poverty where a higher score means more inequality |
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| A first step in trying to fix some of the problems with the employer based retirement savings system in the United States |
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| The relative value of present consumption versus future savings |
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Definition
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| The process by which you learn how to become a functioning member of society |
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Definition
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| The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society |
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| Author of Dictionary of the Social Sciences |
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| The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person |
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| Developed the first full theory of the social self |
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| Coined the term the looking glass self |
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| Author of Human Nature and the Social Order |
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| One's sense of agency action or power |
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| The self as perceived as an object by the I |
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| As the self as one imagines others perceive one |
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Definition
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| Someone or something outside of oneself |
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Definition
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| Four layers of Mead's stages of social development |
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Definition
1. I or Me
2. Significant Other
3. Reference Group
4. Generalized Other |
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| The first stage of recognizing the other |
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Definition
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| Involve a complex understanding of multiple roles |
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| An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before |
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| Authors of Preparing For Power |
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Definition
| Peter W. Cookson Jr., Caroline Hodges Persell |
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| Children who come from families where at least one other member has attended the same school |
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| The ways in which you are socialized as an adult |
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| The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a social institution |
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| An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day to day life |
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Definition
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| No barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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| Provided a vocabulary of role theory |
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Definition
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| A recognizable social position that an individual occupies |
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| The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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Definition
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| The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status |
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Definition
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| The tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses |
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| All the statuses one holds simultaneously |
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| A status into which one is born |
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| A status into which one enters |
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| One status within a set that stands out or overrides all others |
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Definition
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| Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female |
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| A term that describes the near continuous use of the term fag or faggot as an insult teenage boys use against one another to curtail improper behavior |
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| The time between childhood and one's teenage years |
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| A micro level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions |
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| The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphorical stage with roles, scripts, costumes and sets |
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| Author of The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life |
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Definition
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| All actors on the metaphorical stage are struggling to make a good impression on the audience |
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| The esteem in which an individual is held by others |
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| Mistakes in learning the subtleties in life |
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| The start of an encounter |
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| Refraining from directly interacting with someone until an opening bracket has been issued |
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| Literally the methods of the people |
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| Approach to studying human interaction focusing on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others and produce a mutually shared social order |
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