the cognitive component; generalized beliefs abotu a social group

(your initial thoughts about how you think that they will behave or should behave)

behavioral componentl behaviors directed towars people on the basis of their group membership

Prejudice

~contemptuous

~envious

~paternalistic

1~ exclusively negative attitudes

2~ feelings of resentment and hositility mixed with fear, envy, respect, and admiration--mostly high status people who we envy because of what they have--people that we think got ahead not because they are smart but because of family ties

3~ patronizing affection, pity, condescending, and disrespectful--targets are often epople that we think cant help themselves--mentally retarded, women, etc. **classism, racism, sexism, etc.**

1. Personality traitsa very aggressive and close-minded people that are hostile toward all other groups--they only like the people in their group--they look for weakness in others--Hitler

2. social Cognition

3. attributional biases--how we assign meaning

4. allocation of resources--whether we are competing with other groups for something

5. conformity to normative rules--regular norms, what we are used to growing up in

Realistic Conflict Theory

Contact Hypothesis

6 criteria

1.mutual interdependence

2. a common goal

3. equal status

4. individual, informal contact over a period of time

5. belief that the individual is typical of the "other" group

6. social norms that promote equality

1. general threat not tied to a particular stigmatized group--it can happen to any low status or stigmatized group, not just different genders or races

2. whether the threat operates is determined by whether it becomes relavent for indentifying oneself in a setting

3. degree of stereotype can vary from groups and settings

4. it can operate even if the individual doesnt believe in it--just the idea that the social norm is against them is enough to eb effective

5. need to continually overcome the threat--its not jsut a one time thing but somethign that continually has to be faced

1. decreased performance

2. reactance--retaliation

3. ironic effects--just talkign about it can magnify effects

4. self-handycapping

5. task discounting--devaluation of task performed

6. distancing self from stereotyped group

7. disengagement and dis-identification

8. altered professional identities and aspirations

1.group identity salience--whether you have to mark your race on the exam--when something makes you realize that you are different

2. minority status--one person thought to represent the entire group

3. stereotype salience-if you are aware that there are different expectations for your group

4. evaluative scrutiny--are people going to be looking at your individual performance and relate it to your group

1. reframe task

2. encourage self-affirmation

3.emphasize high standards

4. provide role models

6. provide external attributions for difficulty

7. emphasizing an incremental view of abiblity--let them know that it isnt a big deal

Outcomes:

1. secrease in prejudice and stereotypes

2. increase in liking of group members

3. better performance on exams

1. it break down in-group and out-group perception

2. it places people in positions of doing favors for others

3. working cooperatively encourages empathy among individuals

Relationship investments are anything that people put into their relationships that would be lost if they left that relationship--the greater we are invested, the more likely we are to stay in that relationship

~predicts willingness and sacrafices in teh relationship

1. secure

2. anxious/ambivalent

3. avoidant (dismissive and fearful)

4. preoccupied

1. exit-- active-destructive

2. voice-- active-constructive

3. loyalty-- passive-constructive

4. neglect-- passive-destructive

1. avoid "zingers" and harsh starts

2. show appreciation instead of criticizing

3. always only speak for yourself

4. when you have an opinion, simply state it

~keeps score because of concern for getting back after one gives

~motivated to avoid being underbenefited one

~egocentric adn irritated abotu relationship imbalance

viewed as nagging and concerned with "herself"

~keeps score because "he" wants to give back after receiving

~motivated to avoid ebing the overbenefited one

~concerned with imbalance due to a focus on maintaining the relationship

~viewed as altruistic and caring

1. underbenefiting orientaion has a very small negative effect on relationship quality

2. overbenefiting orientation is related to an increase in relationship quality

3. exchange orientation doesnt predict the stability of relationships