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| Qualitative vs Quantitative |
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Definition
Qualitative- words, pictures, interaction
inductive- decide theory after fact
Quantitative-numbers, statistics,
Deductive- start with a theory
ex. survey- tap into motives |
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| Durkheim's Four Types of suicide |
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Definition
1) Egoistic- The more alone you are, the more likely you are to commit suicide (low social bonds)
2) Altruistic- Put other people in front of yourself (cult based suicide or kamikaze)
3) Anomic- Life is disrupted (people who become famous over night, lottery winners)
4) Fatalistic- over regulated feel very little personal freedom (slaves) |
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Exchange theory
A--->B
A<---B
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| Shared products, knowledge, beliefs |
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| Advantages in Survey research |
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Definition
| Structured, Objective, Generalizable, Analyze statistically |
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Definition
Suggest that we apply the scientific method to the social world
without symbols we would be like the animals
Use of scientific observation and experimentation in the study of social behavior
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| Advantages of Field research |
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Definition
Context, meaning, Highly descriptive
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| Key points of Functionalism |
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Definition
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.
The functionalist perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts.
f Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton |
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Term
| Key points of Conflict Theory |
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Definition
conflict perspective views society as composed of different groups and interest competing for power and resources. The conflict perspective explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement
The origins of the conflict perspective can be traced to the classic works of Karl Marx. Marx suggested that all societies go through stages of economic development. As societies evolve from agricultural to industrial, concern over meeting survival needs is replaced by concern over making a profit, the hallmark of a capitalist system. Industrialization leads to the development of two classes of people: the bourgeoisie, or the owners of the means of production (e.g., factories, farms, businesses); and the proletariat, or the workers who earn wages. |
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| is the process of cultures becoming more and more alike due to increases in things like communication, globalization, technology, immigration and travel |
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| For Durkheim, religion is about the separation of the sacred from the profane. The sacred refers to those collective representations that are set apart from society, or that which transcends the humdrum of everyday life. The profane, on the other hand, is everything else, all those mundane things like our jobs, our bills, and our rush hour commute. Religion is the practice of marking off and maintaining distance between these two realms. |
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Term
| What are Basic, Applied, and Public sociology |
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Definition
-Basic Sociology
Analyzing some aspect of society to only gain knowledge
-Applied Sociology
Using sociology to solve problems
-Public Sociology
Using the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public |
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Definition
Taking from a culture that is not your own taking that thing from another culture
Not having deep meaning just one dimensional
Using culture for personal gain or profit implying culture can |
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Definition
| The “population” in statistics includes all members of a defined group that we are studying or collecting information on for data driven decisions. A part of the population is called a sample. It is a proportion of the population, a slice of it, a part of it and all its characteristics |
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Definition
First African american to earn a doctorate from Harvard.
Du Bois's black nationalism took several forms—the most influential being his pioneering advocacy of Pan-Africanism, the belief that all people of African descent had common interests and should work together in the struggle for their freedom.
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early sociologist
German sociologist and political economist best known for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic,” relating Protestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy |
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| Motivated reasoning is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social psychology. This term describes the role of motivationin cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including: Cognitive dissonance reduction. |
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| researchers need to establish RAPPORT feeling of trust, with their respondents, especially when it comes to sensitive topics. |
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Term
| Manifest vs Latent Functions |
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Definition
| Manifest functions are conscious, deliberate and beneficial, the latent ones the unconscious, unintended and beneficial, and dysfunctions are unconscious, unintended and harmful. |
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Term
| Purpose of sociological research |
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Definition
| to investigate and provide insights into how human societies function |
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Term
| Parts of the research model |
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Definition
1) Top section relevance/bias
2)Problem definition- clearly define what you want to study
3) review literature: books, journals
4) Hypothesis- theory - related prediction
5) method selection- ex. cross sectional vs longitudinal
6) Approval- institutional review board
7) collect Data- validity vs reliability
8) analyze results -themes, statistics
9) share results- build knowledge, policy driven |
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Term
| what is cultural universal? |
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Definition
| is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide |
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validity-valid
reliable- consistant |
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Beatrice potter webb
Marion Tolbot- was an associate for thirty years
Anna Julia cooper
Florence Kelley
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Ida b. wells-barnett
Emily Greene Balch
Grace Abbott- chief of the us government children bureau
Frances Perkins- first woman to hiold a cabinet position, served twelve years as secretary of labor under Franklin Rosevelt |
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first african american to graduate from harvered with a doctorate
wrote- the souls of black folk |
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Definition
| when one part of culture advances faster then another |
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Term
| value clusters v contradictions |
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Definition
value cluster- values that together form a whole
contradictions-
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
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Definition
| sociological concept introduced by Émile Durkheim. According to Durkheim, a community or society may at times come together and simultaneously communicate the same thought and participate in the same action. |
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Frenchman, Auguste Comte (1798-1857), advocated a philosophy that tied together everything that was knowable through the senses. Comte believed that history had passed through stages of religiosity and was coming into what he called the positivist stage, an age of science. Comte lumped together history and politics, biology and anything else that could be studied empirically into what he called sociology
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Term
| mechanical vs organic solidarity |
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Definition
| the social cohesiveness of small, undifferentiated societies (mechanical) and of societies differentiated by a relatively complex division of labour (organic). |
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| a thing originating in the institutions or culture of a society that affects the behavior or attitudes of an individual member of that society. |
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| permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits. |
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| The Organic analogy which is a staple of ancient and medieval thought was reformulated by Spencer. He regarded the recognition of the similarity between society and organism as the first step towards a general theory of evolution. The same definition of life applies to both biological and social organism. |
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| a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. |
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| independent vs dependent variables |
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Definition
| An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on thedependent variable. A dependent variable is thevariable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. |
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| Macro-level sociology looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change. Micro-level sociology looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics. |
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Hard sciences- controlled experiments, evidence, critical analysis, repetition
soft sciences- soft sciences deal with intangibles and relate to the study of human and animal behaviors, interactions, thoughts, and feelings. Soft sciences apply the scientific method to such intangibles, but because of the nature of living beings, it is almost impossible to recreate a "soft science" experiment with exactitude |
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| evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture |
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| inductive vs deductive methods |
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Definition
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| Unlike Durkheim, he did not believe in monocausality and rather proposed that for any outcome there can be multiple causes.[11] |
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| ] Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. |
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