Term
|
Definition
American anthropologist
"body ritual among the nacirema"
-body shrines, charms and potions, medicine men, rituals of the mouth, holy mouth men.
~american culture from another perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iris Beag: Isle of Ireland
-sexual repression - body regarded as shameful, boys and girls should be separate, sex is for reproduction only and unhealthy
-marriages are arranged |
|
|
Term
| ethnocentric v.s. cultural relativity |
|
Definition
ethnocentric: judge others entirely from own bias and perspective
cultural relativity: understand other culture's viewpoint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inclusive network of individuals/groups that share same territory
common culture
relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| share common subculture. informal subunits in national society |
|
|
Term
| Material culture v.s. nonmaterial |
|
Definition
material: technology, art, products
nonmaterial: beliefs, values, language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subsets of culture, own unique culture
ex: inmates, nmu students, greek life, amish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oppose values, norms, lifestyle
ex: bikers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared ideas about goals, morals, desires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared rules about conduct |
|
|
Term
| Folkways, mores, and laws |
|
Definition
folkways: custom ways of doing things
ex: dress, manners, holidays
mores: obligatory expectations, threat to society if disobeyed
often turns into law
laws: formal standards of conduct |
|
|
Term
Mala in se
v.s.
mala prohibita |
|
Definition
mala in se: evil in itself
ex: murder
mala prohibita: not obeyed or reinforced often, because does not violet mores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: NaCl
denote things they represent and have emotional connotations sometimes |
|
|
Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
|
Definition
people that speak a different language experience the world differently
ex: what you call a female
-what words connote and denote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sets of beliefs used to explain and justify certain social arrangements
ex: futile period-> 1% had 1/2 income + entitled
justified ideologies with religion
"divine right of kings" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individualism: high value on personal freedom
hard work: work is a gift and duty. work hard because god gave work
acquisitivism: profit motive. it's ok to make money
asceticism: modest standard of living, live modestly, invest wealth
rationality: god gave humans intelligence to solve own problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individualism: high value on personal freedom
hard work: work is a gift and duty. work hard because god gave work
acquisitivism: profit motive. it's ok to make money
asceticism: modest standard of living, live modestly, invest wealth
rationality: god gave humans intelligence to solve own problems |
|
|
Term
| Theoretical perspectiveness |
|
Definition
functionalism: focus on culture as predictable and stable, based on consensus and interdependence
-integration hypothesis
interactionism: coordinated interaction based on shared symbolism
-reflection hypothesis: what we see in society identifies who we are
Conflict: dominance and oppression based on engineered consensus
-cultural hegemony hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conspicuous consumption
self-centered spending for attention and to show off their stuff.
in Kwakiutl pottlach -> person that was more generous = higher status
malls = cathedral of consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liberal arts program prepares us to fit into high culture
history of: division b/w high and low culture. (opera house v.s. vaudeville, movies, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1934
airways = public property
news = public service + free
"condition of using the airways" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1981
retired from CBS
--used to be objective news "and that's the way it is"
-only 4 minutes of commercials
AFTER Cronkite retired, only 18 minutes of news |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1996
limited FCC authority
encouraged large TV stations to buyout news
compete with entertainment programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adequate nurturing is essential for survival
ex: post WWII french orphanages ~ filled to capacity, low staff
high death rate (1/5) "failure to thrive" due to low nurturance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
social-psychological process
individual develops self-concept while internalizing social norms
-people learn the expectations of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud
Human behavior is driven by motivations
(id, ego, superego) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symbolic interactionism: microsocial interaction
-connection between mind, self, and society
Self = separate from environment and others
I (spontaneous parts of individual) v.s. Me (social)
Self concept:
Identity v.s. self-esteem
Stages:
-imitation
-spontaneous play
-game playing
"generalized other" learn what other people expect from you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"looking glass self"
your self esteem and concept are based on others' view of you
difficult to change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women are socialized to mother and nurture
attachment (help mom, bake cookies) v.s. individuation (stay outside)
-boys socialized to dominate physically, then reconcile
-girls dominate psychologically, then to exclude. girls that learn to reconcile are advantaged |
|
|
Term
| Erickson's theory of human development |
|
Definition
distinct stages of develppment. psychosocial. delay in 1 stage delays other stages
6-18mo: Trust
18m-3yr: autonomy
3y-7y: initiative
7y-12y: industry
12- 18: identity
18-40: intimacy
40-60: generativity
50+: integrity |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's stages of development |
|
Definition
6-18mo: sensorymotor
18m-3y: preoperational (language)
7y-12y: concrete operations
12y-18y: abstract operations (formal) |
|
|
Term
| Kohlberg's stages of development |
|
Definition
only 1/2 of population can have morals. some adults have not progressed past the preconventional stages
6-18m: morals
18m-3y: preconventional morality (pleasure/pain, Id, reward seeking)
7y-12y: conventional (conformity)
12-18y: postconventional (abstract morals) |
|
|
Term
| Socializing agents (Goffman) |
|
Definition
family: self-concept
peers: boys (force + persuasion) and girls (ridicule + exclusion)
schools: hidden curriculum of age, gender, racial distinctions
religion: fundamental beliefs
sports: body competence, competitions, self-confidence
media: what's normal, acceptable, desirable |
|
|
Term
| resocialization in total institutions |
|
Definition
boot camps, prison, monasteries, nursing homes, etc.
largely isolated from mainstream society + subject their inmates to strict social control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
socialization: internalization if culture
exchange: quid pro quo (something for something else in turn)
cooperation: mutual interaction to accomplish shared goals
competition: regulated struggle (rules)
conflict: unregulated struggle
status allocation: how positions are assigned (ascription or achievement) |
|
|
Term
| Statuses: Achieved v.s. Ascribed |
|
Definition
Achieved: earned via merit and effort
Ascribed: fixed at birth (ex: age, gender) |
|
|
Term
| Status v.s. master status |
|
Definition
Status: consists of role and ranking
master status: most important. ex: occupation, tallness, attractiveness, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Role conflict and role strain |
|
Definition
role conflict: inter-status conflict, role demands
ex: teacher and mother
Role strain: intra-status conflict
How do I do these 2 things at once?
(role-set struggle: nurturer v.s. professor) |
|
|
Term
| Role conflict and role strain |
|
Definition
role conflict: inter-status conflict, role demands
ex: teacher and mother
Role strain: intra-status conflict
How do I do these 2 things at once?
(role-set struggle: nurturer v.s. professor) |
|
|
Term
| verbal, nonverbal, and virtual communication |
|
Definition
verbal: social ritual (hi, how are you? fine)
nonverbal: personal space (ex: US norms)
<18 in intimate
18-48 in personal
6-8 ft strangers
people of higher rank require more personal space
virtual communication: pc2pc interaction creates "virtual reality" lack of nonverbal communication, anonymity |
|
|
Term
| social construction of reality |
|
Definition
walk into situation and FRAME it. "what's goin on?"
Improper framing: misinterpret reality, what is going on
dramaturgy: social situations. actors and scenes
social inattention: involves polite acknowledgment followed by social withdrawal (ex: elevator, subway, restroom etiquette)
impression management: techniques for presenting self in best possible light. use props, cues, etc.
props: haircut, house, car, clothes, etc.
used for impressions and attention. wear uniform or costume (unusual for context - worn for attention) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a phenomenon should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears.
-because culture varies from one setting to another, the meaning systems that develop within a culture must be seen in their cultural context.
-without knowing the cultural context, it is impossible to understand why people behave as they do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be learned through specific instruction or by observation of the culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subculture that is imposed (i.e., when groups are excluded from participation in the dominant group) |
|
|
Term
| Ethnocentric group tends to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what we see in society identifies who we are
the mass media reflects the values of the general population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culture serves to benefit powerful group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Paiget
LANGUAGE
occurs with Kohlberg's PRECONVENTIONAL (reward seeking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piaget
Occurs with Kohlberg's CONVENTIONAL (conformity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piaget
ABSTRACT THINKING
occurs with Kohlberg's POST CONVENTIONAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an asymmetrical division of labor exists in our society (women "mother" and men do not) |
|
|
Term
| Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the __________ stage of childhood socialization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classifications of nonverbal communication |
|
Definition
| tactile communication, kinesic communication, and paralinguistic communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tend to be well integrated into the whole and social cohesion comes from deeply shared values and beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consisting of intimate, facetoface interaction and relatively long lasting relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fraternity or sorority to which you belong, our social class, and your racial group |
|
|
Term
| Solomon Asch's conformity experiment |
|
Definition
| distorting pressure of group influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large organizations that individuals join for specific purpose (e.g. for monetary rewards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igid adherence to rules that produce a slavish conformity, whether or not it accomplishes the purpose for which the rule was originally designed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-efficiency (things move from start to finish in a streamlined fashion).
-calculability (an emphasis on tile quantitative aspects of products).
-predictability (assurance products will be exactly the same, no matter where they are purchased). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Custom ways of doing things
ex: dress, manners, holidays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obligatory expectations. threat to society if disobeyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal standards of conduct |
|
|
Term
| In Mead's theory, the "me" is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classified primarily as a social aggregate rather than a category or a group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an individual faces conflicting demands from two or more different roles (ie. "teacher-advisor-researcher") within the role-set of a given status (i.e., "professor"), this is referred to as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deeper voice = knowledgeable -> verbal cues
body language -> nonverbal cues
-folding arms: domination
-eye contact: dominance and sexual attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior provides "staged" public performance
dramaturgy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior refers to actual, private interaction
dramaturgy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jargon for various types of clients
ex: "crock" - hypochondriac in hospital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Garfinkel
Study of how people construct + share definition of reality in that everyday interactions
norm-breaking experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. proximity
2. mere exposure effect: familiarity
3. physical attractiveness
4. similarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DURKHEIM
Collective Consciousness - shared beliefs in society, sense of obligation + belonging
mechanical: solidarity based on sacred beliefs (CONSENSUS)
Organic - solidarity based on role differentiation (INTERDEPENDENCE) |
|
|
Term
| Geimenschaft v.s. Gesellschaft |
|
Definition
Types of relationships
TONNIES
Geimenschaft - primary
Gesellschaft - secondary |
|
|
Term
| Primary v.s. secondary relationships |
|
Definition
COOLEY
Primary: personal, intimate, multifaceted, enduring
secondary: impersonal, instrumental, specialized, temporary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
foraging
inequalities based on age and sex
resources -> merit and need
groups of 50-60 people
ex: gosiute
-men and women had separate roles
~men hunted and dealt with the spirit world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agricultural
class inequalities: slave and clan
~resources: force, inheritance, utility, ideology
~merit is replacd with usefulness
ex: mayans
-war with neighbors, enslave them
~rule = most dominant and vicious
-priests used to justify power of ruler
-military class took prisoners
-tax collectors manage property of clan
-farmers and villagers
-slaves |
|
|
Term
| types of human aggregation |
|
Definition
audience: people witnessing same event
(Ex: same sports event or TV show)
Aggregate: people share same space @ same time
(ex: waiting for a bus)
Category: share same characteristics, socially salvient
(ex: red hair)
Group: people that interact on basis of common culture
(ex: university, nuclear family) |
|
|
Term
| dyads, triads, and small groups |
|
Definition
dyads: 2 people (cohesion)
triads: 3 people (conflict)
small group: 4-10 people (conformity) |
|
|
Term
| Sherif Autokinetic Effect |
|
Definition
Convergent perception - opinions
is the light moving? tested conformity of opinions
bivergence observed when group members are of another belief. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-maximize efficiency for tasks
-specialized division of labor
-hierarchical authority + decision making
-explicit rules + regulation
-impersonal
-career in bureaucracy=advancement based on merit
-efficient in utilizing resources to provide service
ex: Mormon church and prussian government |
|
|
Term
| Functional division of labor |
|
Definition
-policy creation
-policy implementation
-service + support
-production
ex: aircraft carrier ($1 billion + 15,000 support staff to service 100 fliers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| policy = profit, policy implementation, production line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elite dominance
self promotion, decreases job quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
argot, lying to bosses, information is filtered and distorted
acronyms and shorthand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
commitment to ideology, despite contrary facts
ex: kennedy, bay of pigs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in hierarchy, increase ward/salary
people become mediocre, "suck up" to gain power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
work expands to fill time allocated for its completion
power and influence = function of size and domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organization's original mission is displaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| values and norms that determine how organization actually carries out business |
|
|
