Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of society and human behavior |
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Term
| What are the social sciences? |
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Definition
| anthropology (linguistics, archeology, evolutionary, and cultural-very similar to sociology), economics, poli. sci., psychology, and sociology |
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Term
| Who coined the term "sociology"? |
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Definition
| Auguste Comte (the "founder" of sociology) |
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Term
| What are the 4 factors that led to sociology development? |
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Definition
| -social upheaval in Europe, Political revolutions, Development of colonization/imperialism, and the success of natural sciences |
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Term
| What is "Sociological Imagination"? |
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Definition
| the intersection of biography and history (your personal background defines how you view the world)--C. Wright Mills |
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Term
| Who advocated "value-free" sociology? |
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Definition
| Max Weber (believed research should be objective) |
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Term
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Definition
| objective research. the product is "Knowledge" |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective research (often done by women and minorities in the olden days) to produce change |
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Term
| Max Weber used "Verstehen" |
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Definition
| "to grasp by insight"; he used it to see beyond facts to the subjective meanings people attach to their behavior |
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Term
| Durkheim believed in social facts |
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Definition
| patterns of behavior that characterize a social group |
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Term
| Who was one of the first sociologists? |
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Definition
| Harriet Martineau (she was a woman.) |
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Term
| Who was one of the first Black sociologists? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 theoretical perspectives: |
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Definition
-structural functionalism
-conflict theory
-symbolic interactionism |
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Term
| Auguste Comte believed in what perspective? |
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Definition
| Structural Functionalism. "an animal with many parts" |
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Term
| Herbert Spencer--perspective?? |
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Definition
| Structural Functionalism. "work together like a structure..each part of society helps the whole" |
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Term
| Emile Durkheim--perspective?? |
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Definition
Structural Functionalism.
-when things are functioning--normal state
-when things aren't--pathological/abnormal state
"both structure and function are important"
less likely to commit suicide if you're connected to society |
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Term
| Robert Merton--perspective?? |
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Definition
Structural Functionalism. "functions are the beneficial consequences"
-2 types: manifest-intended; latent-unintended |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict Theory. (founder)
--powerful vs. powerless |
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Term
| Georg Simmel--perspective?? |
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Definition
| Conflict Theory "subordinate vs. superordinate"--relationship is one of exchange |
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Term
| Lewis Coser--perspective?? |
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Definition
| Conflict Theory "conflict develop among people with a close relationship" |
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Term
| William James--perspective?? |
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Definition
| Symbolic Interactionism "we symbolize our own self" |
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Term
| Charles Horton Cooley--perspective?? |
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Definition
| Symbolic Interactionism "the looking glass self" |
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Term
| Define Symbolic Interactionism |
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Definition
| uncovering symbols (hand movem |
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Term
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Definition
| society is constantly in competition over scarce resources |
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Term
| Define Structural Functionalism |
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Definition
| society is like moving gears, if one breaks, it affects the whole machine |
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Term
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Definition
| the way that we know things |
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Term
| the 4 problems with Common Sense |
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Definition
-overgeneralization (stereotyping)
-selective/inaccurate observation
-illogical reasoning (faulty cause/effect, taking things out of context)
-resistance to change |
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Term
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Definition
| it focuses on ONE instance/case |
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Term
| what are the steps to a Research Model? |
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Definition
1. Selecting a topic
2. Defining problem
3. reviewing the literature
4. formulating a hypothesis
5. choosing research method
6. collecting data
7. analyzing results
8. sharing results |
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Term
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Definition
| a small representation of the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Review Board |
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Term
| Who said this: Research without theory is..a collection of unrelated 'facts.'" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| language, beliefs, norms, behaviors, and material objects that pass from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the disorientation that people feel when they come into a culture that is radically different |
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Term
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Definition
| using your own culture to judge other cultures (not being open-minded, seeing your culture as "better") |
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Term
| Define Cultural Relativism |
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Definition
| trying to appreciate other groups' way of life in the context which they exist (if extreme, it may accept morally wrong things as "okay") |
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Term
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Definition
| what is desireable in life |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations/rules for society's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction to following or breaking norms (positive or negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific time/places that it's okay to break social norms (ex.Mardi Gras) |
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Term
| What are the components to Symbolic Culture? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| norms that aren't strictly enforced (we should wear shirts, but if a man doesn't, it's not terrible) |
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Term
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Definition
| norms/core values that we insist on conformity (rape/murder is horrible) |
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Term
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Definition
| the very thought of such acts are met with repulsion (cannibalism) |
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Term
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Definition
| a "world" within the Dominant Culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a "world" in opposition of the Dominant culture (Mormons want polygamy, U.S. says it's illegal) |
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Term
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Definition
| success, individualism, democracy, material comfort, time, justice, education, technology, etc. |
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Term
| What are some US emerging values? |
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Definition
| leisure time, youthfulness, concern for the enviroment, etc. |
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Term
| What is ideal vs. real culture? |
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Definition
ideal-what we say we want (success)
real-what we actually do/achieve |
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Term
| what is cultural leveling? |
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Definition
| when all cultures seem to become basically the same. (we "level" cultures everytime we open a new McDonalds in another country) |
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Term
| What is the Sapir Whorf hypothesis? |
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Definition
| it reverses common sense. it indicates that rather than objects/events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is Language that determines our consciousness |
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Term
| What did Sapir and Whorf conclude? |
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Definition
| Language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world (it shapes the way we think/perceive) |
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Term
| What causes Socialization? |
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Definition
| (Nature vs. Nurture.) Nurture because look at how feral/isolated children are unable to "normally" adjust to the norms of society |
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Term
| What are the steps to Cooley's The Looking Glass Self? |
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Definition
1. We Imagine how we look to others
2. We Interpret other's reactions
3. We Develop a self concept |
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Term
| Who discovered the steps to role taking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps to Role Taking? |
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Definition
1. Imitation
2. Play (pretend)
3. Games (team) |
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Term
| Who came up with the 4 steps to the development of reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 steps to the Development of Reasoning? |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor stage (using our sensing to discover things)
2. Preoperational stage (imitation)
3. Concrete Operational stage (taking things literally)
4. Formal Operational stage (able to think abstractly) |
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Term
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Definition
| how we express our "maleness" or "femaleness" |
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Term
| What are some Agents of socialization? |
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Definition
| family, neighbors, religion, school, workplace, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors |
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Term
| What is the sequence of the Life Course? |
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Definition
-childhood
-adolescence
-transitional adulthood
-the middle years
-the older years |
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Term
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Definition
| your age, gender, race/ethnicity, etc. |
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