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| the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications |
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| cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture |
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| the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture |
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| a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms |
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| the learning of academic facts and concepts |
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| the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago |
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| a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status |
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| the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission |
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| education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society |
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| an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding |
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| the use of education to improve one’s social standing |
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| classifying students based on academic merit or potential |
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| a formalized sorting system that places students on “tracks” (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities |
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| the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system |
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