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Definition
| scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society |
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| quality of mind that provides an understanding of ourselves within the context of the larger society |
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| asking questions and questioning answers |
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Structural functional theory
and
Conflict theory |
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| intended functions and latent functions are unintended or unrecognized consequences |
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| society as composed of diverse groups with conflicting values and interest |
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| views social meaning as arising through the process of social interaction |
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| views society as a system of interdependent and interrelated parts |
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| bases knowledge on empirical evidence gained through direct, systematic observation |
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| interrelated propositions, or statements, that attempt to explain some phenomena |
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| Quantitative Research Design |
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Definition
| emphasizes the use of numbers and statistics to analyze and explain social events and human behavior |
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| Qualitative Research Design |
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Definition
| systematic observation and focuses on the meanings people give to their social actions |
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| research design that attempts to discover a cause and effect relationship between two variables. |
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| qualitative method in which the researcher systematically observes the people being studied while participating with them in their activites |
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| research using a questionnaire or interview to obtain data |
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| learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members |
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| artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meaning |
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Definition
| tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards |
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Definition
| asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours |
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| anything to which group members assign meaning |
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| assertions about the nature of reality |
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| shared ideas about which is socially desirable |
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| expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group memebers |
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| norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society |
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Definition
| formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society |
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Definition
| informal rules and expectations that guide people's everyday behavior |
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| groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distictive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles |
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Definition
| reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture |
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Definition
| encourages respect and appreciation for cultural difference |
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Definition
| what people should do, according to group's norms and values |
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Definition
| what people do in everyday social interaction |
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Definition
| process in which we learn and internalize attitudes, vaules, beliefs, and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self |
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Definition
| development of a lifetheme |
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Definition
| much human behavior is learned from modeling from others |
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Definition
| group of people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with each one another, and share many elements of a common culture |
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Definition
| ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction |
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Definition
| socially defined position in a social structure |
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Definition
| all of the statuses a person has at a given time |
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Definition
| statuses assigned to individuals at birth, such as gender, race/ethnicity, and family background |
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Definition
| statuses secured through effort and ability |
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| status that dominates all other statuses |
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Definition
| set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status |
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Definition
| two or more people who interact in patterned ways, have a feeling of unity, and share common interests and expectations |
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| group of people who regularly interact and have close enduring relationships |
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| groups of people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish a specific objective |
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| total web of an individual's relationships and group memeberships |
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| relatively, enduring clusters of values, norms, social statuses, roles, and groups that address fundamental social needs |
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| group with which people identify and have a sense of belonging |
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| group that people do not identify with and consider less worthy and lesss desirable than their own |
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| group that people refer to when evaluating their personal qualities, characteristics, attitude, values, and behaviors |
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| give orders and direct activities with minimal input from followers |
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| attempt to involve others with decision-making |
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| allow group members to choose whatever direction the group thinks is best |
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Definition
| violations of social norms |
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| adherence to social norms |
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Definition
| any act that violates a criminal law |
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Definition
| views deviance as a result of the tensions or strain experienced by people because of their positon in the social structure |
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Definition
| views deviance as arising when groups with power tempt to impose their norms and values of less powerful groups |
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Term
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Definition
| veiw deviance and conformity primarily as labels assigned to certain people and certain acts |
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Definition
| all behavior is learned through social interaction |
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| deviance will be effectively deterred if negative social sanctions are perceived to be certain, swift, and severe |
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| Region of the Country with the most violent and property crimes |
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Definition
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Definition
| form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to scarce but valued resources |
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| condition in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige |
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Definition
| economic factors and achieved statuses are the principle means of ranking |
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Definition
| person's or family's total economic assets |
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| ranking that combines income, occupational prestige, level of education, and neighborhood to assess class ranking |
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Term
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| people fall below a minimum subsistence level and are unable to function as members of a society |
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| lack of resources relative to others and the overall standards of a society |
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| system where nations are ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to the world's wealth, power, and prestige |
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Definition
| nations with advanced industrial economies and high living strandards |
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| nations that are newly industrialized and have moderate wealth and living standards |
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Definition
| nations that poor, agrarian, and benefit least from their participation in the global economy |
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Definition
| categories of people who are set apart from others because of socially defined physical characteristics |
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| category of people set apart from others because of distinctive customs and lifestyles |
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| category of people who are set apart for unequal treatment because of physical or cultural characteristics |
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| preconceived judgments about a category of people |
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| unequal treatment of people because of their group membership |
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Definition
| personal, legal, and institutional |
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| racial and ethnic groups cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles |
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Definition
| cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity in a society |
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Definition
| Acknowledging one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender |
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Definition
| blending of masculine and feminine attributes |
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| hatred and discrimination directed against homosexuals based on exaggerated fears of homosexuality |
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Definition
| gender identity develops through the process of imitation and is reinforced by rewards and punishments for particular behaviors |
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Definition
| system is which males dominated females in most spheres of life |
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Definition
| ideology aimed at eliminating patriarchy in support of equality between the sexes |
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