Term
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Definition
| loose group of conservative and centrist activists, religious leaders, and social scientists who want to strengthen marriage. They are traditionalists (dont like divorce, couples living together without being married, etc.) |
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Term
| bread winner homemaker model |
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Definition
| married couple with children in which father works and the mother does not |
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Term
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Definition
| liberal activists and feminists who think adults should be free to choose their own lifestyle. They think society can adjust to the new ways of family. They think public policies should support families of all kinds |
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Term
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Definition
| a style of life in which individuals pursue their own interests and place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life. |
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Term
| utilitarian individualism |
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Definition
| a style of life that emphasizes self reliance and personal achievement, especially in one's work life |
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Term
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Definition
| a style of life that emphasizes developing one's feelings and emotional satisfaction... big influence on society. today people value personal fulfillment more than being a good spouse/parent, however they find marriage and kids to be the most satisfying part of life |
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Term
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Definition
| one spouse vs. many spouses, usually wives |
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Term
| 2 questions defining Family |
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Definition
1. how well are family members taking care of children, the chronically ill, and the frail and elderly?
2. How well are families providing the emotional satisfaction people value? |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something |
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Term
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Definition
| the costs imposed on other individuals or businesses when an individual/business produces something to value itself... ex: factory gains profit, but produces air pollution.. every in the city suffers |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits received by others when an individual or business produces something but for which the produces is not fully compensated... ex: raising kids, curing cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them ex: families produce public goods by having children or caring for the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| the the tendency for people to obtain public goods by letting others do the work of producing them |
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Term
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Definition
one adult, or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood, who is/are taking care of dependents and the dependents themselves (children, elderly, frail, disabled) public family is more about public goods to society. How the family affects the public world.
problem? free riderrr |
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Term
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Definition
two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely- or in the case of of parent and child- until the child reaches adulthood- and who live in the same household and pool their incomes and household labor. Based more on providing love and intimacy and providing emotional support. Private matters, what people IN the family gain from it- not the public.
Problem? boundary problem. |
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Term
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Definition
a family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related
- living apart together
- blurred boundaries |
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Term
| created kinship vs. assigned kinship |
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Definition
created= kinship ties that people actively construct
assigned= kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born/marry |
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Term
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Definition
not recognized until the 1700's, maybe because so many children died in their first years of life
some argue that parents during that time did recognize children of having specific needs and needing support based on journals they found |
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Term
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Definition
people who wander through forests or over plains ins mall bands, hunting animals and gathering edible plants
- soon settled agriculture replaced hunter gatherer societies and revolutionalized human organization |
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Term
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Definition
a form of kinship group where descent is traced through the mother or father
patrilineage= through father
matrilineage= through mother |
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Term
| How is kinship a weapon in the the struggle for survival? |
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Definition
1. ensures order
2. recruits members from outside group w/ marriage
3. defend against outsiders
4. provides labor
5. assist the less fortunate |
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Term
| conjugal vs. extended family |
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Definition
conjugal= kinship group with husband, wife, and kids. (nuclear family)
extended family= conjugal fam + relatives |
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Term
| familial mode of production vs. labor market mode of production |
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Definition
familial= family produces food, makes tools, builds dwelling, etc.
labor= work for pay and buy and sell things in market |
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Term
European Colonists- the beginning of the public family!
Characteristics.... |
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Definition
- no lineages
- conjugal family provided great services to the community
- kids received education and skills from parents
- families engaged in family worship
- little privacy
- some families functioned as hospitals, nursing homes, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
1. marriage was more about affection and mutual respect than male authority- however women became restricted to the home
2. the primary role of women became the care of children and the maintenance of home (women's sphere)
3. the parents attention went to loving and supporting their kdis
4. Number of kids per family declined, due to greater investment of emotion each needed |
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Term
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Definition
| individual freedom from the constraints imposed by others |
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Term
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Definition
marriage retained moral basis in custom and law
- marriage=democracy, husband (leader), wife (consented governed)
- public family=moral backbone of socieyt |
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Term
| Reasons for Switch to Labor Market Mode of Production |
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Definition
Causes
- growth of commercial capitalism: buying selling and distribution of goods
- more jobs created
- ability to earn money outside the home |
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Term
| Results from Labor Market Mode of Production |
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Definition
- fathers had less authority
- growth of individualism
- separate spheres->glorified domestic role for women |
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Term
| Working Class Families (1850-WWI) |
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Definition
- immigration=huge
- couldn't afford bread winner-home maker lifestyle
- young children worked with dads
- women embarrassed to work, but made money doing womanly jobs or took in a boarder or a lodger
- had fewer kids because they were more of a financial burden (no longer worked on family farms) |
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Term
| African American Families |
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Definition
- stronger ties to extended family
- more kids born outsider of marriage
- adults monitor young
- families headed by woman
- more black women are single parents than white women
- marriage probability only 60% when for whites its 90% why?- lack of marriagable men? cultural- higher valued? welfare benefits support single parenthood? |
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Term
| Mexican-American Families |
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Definition
- women=head of the household
- forced into segregated Mexican-American neighborhoods in a U.S. City called "barrios."
- more Mexican immigrants arriving, making pay even lower
- Mexican men= very dominant
- lowest age at marriage
- greater total fertility rate |
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Term
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Definition
- first arrived during California Gold Rush
- about 1/2 left their wives behind
- they would send "remittances" - cash payments sent by immigrants to their country of origin
-1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: no more immigration until after WW2
- many started small businesses
- greatest marital stability |
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Term
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Definition
1880's- arrived in Hawaii and mainland U.S.
-patrilineal, strong father authority, strong extended family ties, arranged marriages by parents
After WW2, Americans worried that Japanese immigrants were disloyal and they were forced into internment camps...
- humiliating economic loss
- loss of family structure
- less father dominance
- young people chose their own spouses
1965 Immigration Act: ended restrictions that blocked Asian immigration and subsided with an annual quota
1898- U.S. captured Phillipines and Filipinos started coming to U.S.
- bilateral kinship
- women have more independence: more likely to work outside the home |
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Term
| Rise of Private Family (1900-present) |
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Definition
Decline of Victorian Era
1920's- flappers, drop in birth rate, rebelling youth culture, birth control
good sex life and emotional satisfaction became more important in marriage
higher divorce rate
growing economic independence for women
- more educated
- fewer kids
- work outside the home
switch to companionate marriage |
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Term
| The Great Depression 1929-30's) |
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Definition
- fathers lose jobs.. depressing
- divorce rate fell temporarily- only because people couldn't afford them
- less kids
- kids helped out: boys took on role of breadwinner |
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Term
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Definition
- married younger
- more children (baby boom after war)
- stronger economy post war
- "American Dream" reachable for middle class
- bread winner- homemaker... faded quickly, women missed working... after kids grew up they went back to work.. but did womanly jobs |
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Term
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Definition
- birthrate at all tiem low
- baby "bust"
- marrying later
- divorce rathe doubled from 1960-1970
- cohabitation more common |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of changes in individuals lives over time, and how those changes are related to historical events |
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Term
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Definition
| period between mid teens and about 30 when individuals finish their education, enter the work force, and begin their own families |
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Term
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Definition
| all people who are working for pay OR who are LOOKING for paid work |
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Term
| main factor in lengthening of early adulthood |
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Definition
| education... college.. grad school |
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Term
| Declining Parental Control |
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Definition
| once you grow up you live further away from your parents so they have much less control over your life than in past generations |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by ones' own beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| systematic, organized series of steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a speculative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables, everything else must be constant |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which individuals from a geographic area are selected, usually at random, and asked a fixed set of questions |
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Term
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Definition
| a study in which the researcher spends time directly observing each participant |
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Term
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Definition
| a survey in which interviews are conducted several times throughout regular intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of survey data by the people who collected information |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of survey data by the people who collected information |
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Term
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Definition
| a survey in which interviews are conducted several times throughout regular intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it |
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Term
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Definition
| sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions, or uses of the main ways in which a society is organized |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to understand society through examination of how it currently works. focus is on stability and order |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on inequality, power, and social change |
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Term
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Definition
| views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods and services by examining costs and benefits |
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Term
| example of the theories... a low wage worker... what got him to this point? |
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Definition
functionalist: this guy is functional. we need people to work shit jobs for our society to work. someone has to work at mcdonalds.
conflict: omg poor guy... so unfair, he was born to a poor family probably... omg we need social justice!
exchange: chose not to educate himself and therefore is working at a low income job.
symbolic: hes dumb and poor. |
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Term
| symbolic interactionalism |
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Definition
| focuses on peoples interpretations of symbolic behavior and communication |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes economic differences |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes economic differences |
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Term
status borrowing
vs.
independence model
vs.
status-sharing model |
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Definition
borrowing: wife gets status from husband
independence: each spouse has their own
shared: they share eachothers |
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Term
|
Definition
top 20%- 48%
bottom 20%- 4% |
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Term
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Definition
| physical traits... how others view you |
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Term
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Definition
| shared culture, traditions, language among a group... how you view yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| biological characteristics that distinguish men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women in society |
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Term
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Definition
| person born with ambiguous sex organs |
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Term
| what influences gender identity? |
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Definition
| both biological predispositions and cultural norms.. it is unclear how much it is biological and how much it is society |
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Term
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Definition
gendered behavior is the result of biological predispositions AND social experiences
1. biologically based gender differences are only on average
2. whether biological differences lead to actual behaviors depends on the environment in which a person is raised
3. social influences can counteract biological predispositions |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of behaviors associated with a position in society |
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Term
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Definition
| the different sets of behaviors that are commonly exhibited by males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| the way in which one learns the ways of a given society or social group so that one can function within it |
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Term
| socialization approach (to gender differences) |
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Definition
| the theory that gender identification and behavior are based on children's learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate for their sex but not appropriate to the other sex... ex) and first little boys cry the same amount as little girls but later learn to be tough |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who have roughly the same age and status as one another |
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Term
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Definition
theory that gender identification and behavor are based on children's unconscious internalization of the qualities of their same sex parent
- believed by Freud
- girls get to stay close to their mothers, boys must break away since they're guys... explains why women are better at relationships |
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Term
| interactionalist approach |
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Definition
| the theory that gender differences and behaviors are based on day to day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of the biological differences between women and men into a social order that supports male domination |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which goods and services are privately produced and sold on a market for profit |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which the number and types of goods produced and who they are distributted to are decided by the government rather than by the actions of a market. Theoretically this would eliminate economic disparities between men and women but really it would just be the worst idea ever. |
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Term
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Definition
| jobs that do not provide full time indefinite work directly for the firm that is paying for it |
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Term
| distribution of family income |
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Definition
the proportion of the total income of all families in the nation that each family receives. inequality has greatly increased Why?
- inequality of earnings among men.. need college degree
- growing single parenthood families
- middle class wives move into adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| a federally defined income limit defined as teh cost of an "economy" diet for a family, multiplied by 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| an ordering of all persons in a society according to their degrees of economic resources, prestige, and privilege |
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Term
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Definition
| the resources and opportunities that people have to provide themselves with material goods and favorable living conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who share a common style of life and often identify with eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothetical modelt hat consists of the most significant characteristics in extreme form of a social phenomenon |
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Term
| upper class, middle class, working class, lower class |
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Definition
upper= amassed wealth and privilege and prestige
middle= secure and comfortable
working= reliable minimum need met
lower= cant reliably provide for decent life |
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Term
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Definition
1. people with a college degree: 1/3 adults
2. people who graduated highschool
3. people who didnt graduate highschool |
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Term
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Definition
| Marrying later, first receiving college degree.. however those with college degrees are more likely to be married by the age of 40.... so they are likely to marry.. they just wait until they are financially secure |
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Term
| Childbearing outside Marriage |
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Definition
| less likely the more educated a woman is |
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Term
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Definition
| education is a major factor in who marries who.. even more so than religion |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of people to marry others similar to themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| ways fo fitting childbearing into the life course |
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Term
| the costs of kin networks |
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Definition
| sharing with others makes it hard to rise out of poverty yourself |
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Term
| kinship in rich families vs. poor |
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Definition
richer- provide for conjugal family
poor- help out extended family (chronic poverty) |
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Term
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Definition
| women who maintain the links among kin in large extended families |
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Term
| Social Class and Child Rearing |
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Definition
Middle class (white collar) expect
- independence
- self direction
- curiosity
- responsibility
Working Class (blue collar) expect
- obedience
- conformity
- good manners |
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Term
|
Definition
| enhancing children's talents, opinions and skills (middle class) |
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Term
|
Definition
| letting children grow up on their own (working class) |
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Term
60s and beyond
2 economic developments and 2 cultural developments |
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Definition
ECONOMIC
1. movement of married women to workforce
2. declining employment prospects of men
CULTURAL
1. rise in expressive individualism
2. people's higher aspirations for material goods |
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Term
60's and beyond
How does more individualistic culture affect marriage and having kids? |
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Definition
marry later
freer to marry or end marriages
having kids outside marriage=more acceptable
rise in cohabitation |
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Term
| "Whiteness" as an ethnicity |
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Definition
- being white is considered a power and privilege
- at one time the irish and italian were not considered white until the moved out of poverty and into the middle class. |
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Term
Put in order of most likely to have both parents married:
white
hispanic
black
asian
indian |
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Definition
MOST
-asian
-white
-hispanic
-indian
-black
LEAST |
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Term
| life for black people 1960s+ |
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Definition
- Civil Rights Movement.. economy boomed, lowered barriers
- gains in income and employment
- post 1973 economic downturn hit blacks hard because they didnt have college degrees and had industrial jobs
- made them reluctant to marry because they could not provide for a family
- through out all this, a more prosperous group of blacks has emerged |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of beginning to live with a partner either through cohabitation or marriage |
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Term
| Why are black people less likely to marry? |
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Definition
- hesitant to marry
- for every 3 black unmarried women, there is only 1 unmarried black man above the poverty line
- greater public benefits available to unmarried women through welfare
- black men are involved in drugs and violence |
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Term
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Definition
| (for a black woman's experience) the extent to which black women's lives are affected by overlapping systems of class, racial, and gender based disadvantage |
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Term
| Why do whites have more assets? |
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Definition
- whites inherit wealth or borrow money from their parents
- whites can more easily obtain mortgage lonas from banks
- homes in black neighborhoods dont appreciate in value
- Blacks must shield their kids from the lure of street life |
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Term
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Definition
| a midlevel social institution and grouping, such as church, neighborhood, organization or family |
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Term
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Definition
| families that maintain continual contact between members in sending and receiving countries |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which immigrant groups merge their culture and their behavior with that of the dominant group in the host country |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, dense single ethnic group, almost self sufficient community |
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Term
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Definition
| the resources that a person can access through his or her relationships with other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1967- declared unconstitutional to prohibit interracial marriage |
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Term
likelihood of marrying interracially for whites...
who is most likely to marry another race? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of sexual practices and attitudes that lead to the formation in a person's mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual |
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Term
| Sexuality before late 19th century.. what was approved of? what was not? |
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Definition
APPROVED
- sexual intercourse within marriage
- sex in moderation between spouses
- sex mainly to have kids
DISAPPROVED
- same sex
- masturbation
- oral sex |
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Term
| When was homosexuality declared as not a psychological disorder? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the social constructionist perspective |
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Definition
| belief that human sexual identities are entirely socially constructed. |
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Term
|
Definition
a 1948 book by Alfred Kinsley detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior.
- claimed 10% of men to be homosexual
..... the survey was not an accurate representation of the U.S. population, people were not selected at random for the survey. |
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Term
|
Definition
Men more likely to be homosexual than bisexual.
Women more likely to be bisexual than homosexual. |
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Term
| the Integrative Perspective |
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Definition
the belief that human and sexual identities are determined by both social and biological factors.
- biological: research on twins are more likely to both be gay, then fraternal twins, then adopted siblings
*not completely genetically determined because half of identical twins are not the same sexual identity
*social and cultural influences play a role, no clear theories |
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Term
| Points of Agreement/Disagreement on gay marriage |
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Definition
agree that environment plays a role.
disagree whether it is exclusively the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms |
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Term
|
Definition
| family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related |
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Term
|
Definition
marriage like relationship in separate households
2 Types:
1. constraint
2. living apart by choice
- one is raising a child from a past relationship
- each partner has a good job
- prefer independence |
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Term
|
Definition
| blurs boundaries of family living and non family living caused by living apart together |
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Term
| Griswald vs. Connecticut and Eisenstadt vs. Baird |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sexualitiy... the decades |
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Definition
Pre 1890
- sexual attraction and romantic love not appropriate basis for marriage
- even with marriage, sex in moderation and to have kids
1890-1960
- romantic love and sexual attraction become more appropriate
- still sexual expression outside marriage = bad
1920's
- first sexual revolution. women wore short dresses, still not much premarital sex
1960's
- sexual expression more valued
- contraception legal
- premarital sex more common
1970+
- cohabitation increased
- childbirth outside marriage more acceptable |
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Term
|
Definition
| sex with someone who is not your spouse |
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Term
|
Definition
| sex with only one partner, still the norm of marriage |
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Term
|
Definition
- sex before marriage.. much more common
- decline in teen sex since 1990's
..... probs due to sex education (AIDS and other STDs.
- less of a difference between sexual behavior of girls and boys
- teenage birth rates are decreasing but teenage mothers that are unmarried is increasing
-1 in 12 15-19 year olds gets pregnant... 1/3 end in abortion
- teenage birth rate at an alltime low |
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Term
| Consequences of Teen Pregnancy for Mother |
|
Definition
- worse off in life
- less education
- lower paying jobs
- likely to be on welfare
- less likely to have stable marriage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the principle that whenever individuals sort or select themselves into groups nonrandomly, tsome differences among the groups reflect pre existing differences among the individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
AGE OF MARRIAGE
50's----20 female, 23 male
TODAY--26 female, 28 male
NUMBER OF KIDS
50's------<3
TODAY----2
PROBABILITY OF MARRIAGE
50's-------VERY high
TODAY-----90%
DIVORCE RATES
50's--------lower
TODAY-----47% |
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Term
|
Definition
SINGLE FAMILIES blacks-------60% whites-------30% PROBABILITY OF MARRIAGE blacks-------65% whites-------90% NUMBER OF KIDS blacks--------2 whites--------1.9
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Term
|
Definition
| 1848... women no longer were signed under responsibility of marriage to theri husbands |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- happier
- wealthier
- physically healthier, live longer
- less risky behavior (smoking, drinking)
- better sex
- children of married parents have better outcomes |
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Term
| Why is marriage beneficial |
|
Definition
- public commitment
- stability
- expectation of permanence
- coinsurance |
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|
Term
| Reasons for female labor force participation |
|
Definition
- fewer kids
- higher education
- housework takes up less time
- expansion of service sector
- decline in male wages
- rise in divorce and childbearing outside marriage |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of Female Labor Force Participation |
|
Definition
- men take bigger part in housework (but barely)
- less leisure time for women
- cut back in housework
- more nonparental care
- quicker meals
- increase in income inequality |
|
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Term
|
Definition
children whose mothers work full time in first year of life tend to have lower cognitive skills, achievement test scores, and more disruptive behavior
After first year, not a dramatic change in amount of time spent with child... children go to preschool |
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Term
| Why do people today still marry when they have so many options? |
|
Definition
- status, prestige
- enforceable trust in marriage that isn't found in cohabitation
- capstone experience, crowns adulthood |
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Term
|
Definition
Pre 1920: courtship
1920-1980: dating
1980- today: hook up culture |
|
|
Term
| Increase in Grandparenting |
|
Definition
-mortality decline
-fertility decline
-healthier in old age |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- often care is directed down
-"National Guard"- help if needed |
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Term
|
Definition
-increase of likelihood of death upon the dath of a spouse
-true for whites, not for blacks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-more dependent
-happier and more stable
-more likely to die soon after spouse |
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Term
|
Definition
-more support from extended kin
-benefits of marriage last longer.. dont die right after death of spouse... less dependent
-tend to be less happy and stable |
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|
Term
| Premarital vs. Extramarital sex views |
|
Definition
- less people think premarital sex is wrong today than in the 70's.
- more people think extramarital sex is wrong today than in the 70's. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stable, intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household but may or may not be married |
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Term
|
Definition
| publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry... community and parents play an important role |
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|
Term
| what ended courtship in the 1900's? |
|
Definition
- migration from rural areas to cities
- rise in industrial capitalism
- higher standard of living
- lengthening of adolescence
....... parents had trouble overseeing dating, kids had more of their own $, highschool and college years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
began in 1900
- power shift from women to men
- power shift from parents to young adults
Dating most prevalent after WWII
1960's and 1970's
- dating less related to marriage
- cohabitation more common
- sharp rise in premarital sex |
|
|
Term
| Trend Towards Independent Living |
|
Definition
-rising standard of living during 20th century
- no need to stay and help family at home
- have enough $ to live on their own
- rise in divorce rate: if parents are divorced, kids are more likely to move out earlier
- age of first marriage rises substantially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms
- male=head of the household
- woman=dutiful and submissive
romantic love necessary or even desirable
local community, church and the law all supported the rules and roles of institutional marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a marriage in which emphasis is on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification
- still a sharp division of labor (Bread winner homemaker) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marriage in which the emphasis is on self development, flexible roles, and open communicatioin |
|
|
Term
| Economic reasons for shift from institutional marriage to companion |
|
Definition
- U.S. becoming increasingly urbanized
- husbands took paying jobs rather than farm work
- women stayed at home (bw-hm) |
|
|
Term
| Economic reasons for shift from companionate marriage to individualized marriage |
|
Definition
- mens jobs paid less
- women returned to work |
|
|
Term
| How young adults see marriage |
|
Definition
| they want to marry AFTER they have their lives together, not before. they want to find their soulmate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. more and more common
2. gaining legal benefits
3. more common among less affluent and less educated people
4. many cohabiting couples end up having kdis
5. more common before a remarriage than a 1st marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pure relationship- your in it just cuz. no future
2. Testing Ground for marriage- most cohabiting couples think they will get married. (in a year 1/2 marry, 1/2 break up)
3. Lesbians and Gays |
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|
Term
Marriage Market
and the 3 components |
|
Definition
labor market in which single individuals search for others who will marry them
1. supply: group of people who are looking for a spouse in the same place at the same time
2. preferences: each person has their own preferred characteristics in a spouse
3. sources: characteristics a person possesses that are attractive to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework and childcare and men specialize in paid work outside the home |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| workers who provide personal services such as education, health care, communication, entertainment, and so forth.... stereotyped as women's work and paid less |
|
|
Term
| Rates of FLFP in 70's vs. TODAY |
|
Definition
70's: women used to stop working when they had kids (mid twenties)
TODAY: no dip in FLFP at time when women have kids |
|
|
Term
| Why are women paid less than men |
|
Definition
having kids restricts them from accruing seniority
employer discrimination
more likely to pursue jobs in service sector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
face to face activity in which one person meets the needs of another who cannot fully care for he/himself.
can be considered a public responsibility
caring for young children, the frail, the elderly, and the disabled is a public good. |
|
|
Term
| why is care work paid less? (teachers, nurses) |
|
Definition
1. underestimated value of work women do
2. bias where men should be paid more
3. free riding problem
4. many women find these jobs satisfying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to force a person to do something even against his or her will |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the acknowledged right of someone to supervise and control other's behavior |
|
|
Term
| relationship specific investment |
|
Definition
time spent on activities such as child rearing that are valuable only in a person's current relationship
men- working up in his career.. makes him more attractive to a new wife should they divorce
women: having kids, caring for husband and husband's family- makes her less attractive to a potential new husband should they divorce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
housework for paid labor...
when men earn less money, they do more housework for example. |
|
|
Term
| leisure time for men vs. women |
|
Definition
men- relax and watch tv
women- watch tv, hold baby, keep eye on other kid, and wait for laundry to be done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the state of having too many roles with conflicting demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the fact that stressful events in one part of a person's daily life can spill over into another part....
FOR MEN: dad has a bad day at work and takes it out on his kids at dinner time
FOR WOMEN: opposite... child is sick.. woman worries about it at work and will respond to family emergency over work related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy that allows employees to choose, within limits, when they will begin and end their working hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time off from work to care for a child... not enough time in U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their family responsibilities more easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parenting in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children BEST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a widely accepted rule about how people should behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a goal or principle that is held in high esteem by a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actively seeking to enhance child's talents and attitudes (middle class) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes obedience and conformity, but lets child grow up on their own (working class) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parents socialize their daughters differently than their sons.. magnifying gender roles
- female/male toys
- reward some behaviors, punish others
- schools, peer groups, and media play a role |
|
|
Term
| conservative christian fathers |
|
Definition
- more distinct gender roles
- authoritative parenting- strict but connect emotionally with kids, hug and praise kids, yell less, spend more time in leisure activities with kids, more involved "soft patriarchs" |
|
|
Term
| material vs. emotional support |
|
Definition
MATERIAL: food shelter clothing
EMOTIONAL: love nurturing |
|
|
Term
| 2 things parents must provide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that has characteristics of both genders |
|
|
Term
| What difference do fathers make? |
|
Definition
Kids..
- have fewer behavioral problems
- more friends, get along better w/ others
- more responsible
- more self control
RELATIONSHIP WITH MOTHER:
- reinforces mothers rules
- good mom dad relationship makes child better off
FATHERS INFLUENCE is
- subtle
- long term
- less hands on |
|
|
Term
| affect of DIVORCE on CHILDREN |
|
Definition
- 2 years of distress
- usually no long term suffering |
|
|
Term
| affect of SINGLE PARENTHOOD on child |
|
Definition
- turns out ok if mother has enough $
- better to have 2 parents tho |
|
|
Term
| Lesbian and Gay Parenthood |
|
Definition
more common
- divorce
- donor insemination
- adoption
- surrogate pregnancy
- kids who grow up with 2 lesbian families dont turn out different than kids with heterosexual parents except that they are more open to homosexuality, but not more likely to be homosexual.
- more likely that both parents are working |
|
|
Term
| affect of NONPARENTAL childcare on kids |
|
Definition
| modest negative affects on child's development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family income less than 1/2 the median income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| above poverty level, less than 3/4 the median income |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| above frugality, less than 50% above median |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at leasttt above 50% of the median |
|
|
Term
| Children have poor prospects if they have 3 out of 4 of these factors |
|
Definition
1. unmarried mother
2. teen mother
3. mother without highschool degree
4. income below poverty line |
|
|
Term
| Children have good prospects if they have 3 out of 4 of these characteristics |
|
Definition
1. married mother
2. mother 26+
3. mother completed college
4. income 4X above poverty line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of years a person can expect to live without a disability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elderly people who have incomes between the poor. who can qualify for assistance, and the middlle class, who can supplement their social security checks with savings and pensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the government program of health insurance for all elderly people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the government program of health insurance fore people with incomes below poverty line |
|
|
Term
| Living arrangement preference for elderly after their spouse dies |
|
Definition
| 98% of elderly people would rather live alone than with kids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grandparents want to see their grandchildren and be actively involved in their lives but dont want to live with them |
|
|
Term
| Who has more trouble adjusting to lose of a spouse? husband or wife? |
|
Definition
| husband... they can't cook, clean, and take good care of themselves.... they are more likely to die soon after death of wife... |
|
|
Term
| mutual assistance between parents and adult kids |
|
Definition
- until old age, grandparents give more assistance to their adult kids than vice versa
- assistance is not continuing, it is given when there is a specific need
- childcare is more common
- getting/giving emotional support and advice
ASSISTANCE IS COMPLIMENTARY
- parents provide financial help, loans, finding job
- kids provide emotional support during illness |
|
|
Term
| do more kids live with grandparents these days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multigenerational households |
|
Definition
| 3 generations live in one house- usually because of teenage moms |
|
|
Term
| skipped generation households |
|
Definition
| grandparent and grandchild- usually because of child abuse, neglect, or drug use of parent |
|
|
Term
benefits of "activities of daily living" care
and ISSUES with care |
|
Definition
help during personal care activities including bathing, getting out of bed etc.
BENEFITS:
- holds down number of ppl needing institutionalized care
- economic value of unpaid caregivers- 196 billion
ISSUES
- more women are working and dont have the time to provide care
- decline in fertility (less daughters) |
|
|
Term
| intergenerational solidarity |
|
Definition
| the characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how frequently parents see eachother and are in touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how emotionally close parents and children are and how much they agree on values, attitudes, and beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of assistance in time, goods, or money parents & children provide eachother |
|
|
Term
| Demographic, Economic, and Value changes between grandparents and their adult children |
|
Definition
MORE ECONOMIC RESOURCES
- travel easier
- communication easier
DEMOGRAPHIC
- elders lose authority, but gain affection
- more warmth and emotional closeness
- women (mother daughter) are closest
SHARED VALUES
- most have similar values to parents because of the way they were raised and their social class position
- can differ sometimes because of context during adolescence and young adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of changing public pinion where each successive birth cohort experiences a different social environment and retains distinctive options throughout his or her adult life |
|
|
Term
| intergenerational ambivalence |
|
Definition
| socially contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship.. women more likely to feel ambivalence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decline of nuclear family because of fragile marriage bonds=parent-child-grandchild bond is stronger
JOB OF NATIONAL GUARD
-keep contact
-pleasant relations
-providing/receiving little assistance
.....inactive reserve until crisis occurs.. then these people jump in and help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. restricted divorce= until mid 19th century. divorce only granted if there is adultery or desertion. generally only toward men
2. Divorce Tolerance=mid 19th century-1970: grounds for divorce widened, divorce became more accessible for women, "mental cruelty"
3. Unrestricted Divorce= 1970+, divorces granted to anyone who wants one "no fault divorce"- simple irreconcilable differences |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for divorce rates today |
|
Definition
1. cultural change- individualism and self fulfillment
2. women's employment- did it increase divorce rate because women are not as dependent on their husbands? or decrease it because there is less economic strain on marriage?
3. Mens employment- divorce more like if husband is unemployed or low income job. mens work opportunities decreased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AGE- younger=worse
RACE- black=worse
COHABITATING=worse (could be selection because people likely to cohabit may be uncertain about their partner and less religious)
PARENTS DIVORCED=worse
DEATH OF PARENT=neutral
MARRY SOMEONE SIMILAR TO YOU=better
SAME AGE=good
OLDER WIFE=bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person who first becomes dissatisfied and begins the process of ending the marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bonding to another person that brings feelings of security, comfort, and ease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance payment ex hub gives to ex wife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right to make important decisions about the children, legal responsibility for them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right to live with the kids- typically mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal right of both parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substantial time with each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divorced parents coordinate their activities and cooperate with each other in raising their children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divorced parents gravitate towards a more detached style of parenting by going about business separately so there are less arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about 2 year period .. parents are distracted and distressed ... cannot provide enough emotional support, ignore misbehavior, use harsh discipline "coercive cycles"- common with boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjustment problems occur more from abandonment than death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harms childs well being. more trauma for child during parents fighting than after separation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jarring, insecure, new home, school, remarriage, =very difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
children resume normal development
may cause you to appreciate custodial parent more
may grow up a little faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long term, lasting difficultiesin personal relationships- no chance to observe successful marriages, don't learn how to create one, anxiety, fear of mistakes, worse mental health |
|
|
Term
| glass half empty-half full |
|
Definition
| although more likely to screw up there is an 80% chance that they will come back from it... distress not disorder |
|
|
Term
| Explanations for Domestic Violence |
|
Definition
1. social learning theory (you saw your dad beat your mom so you do it later in life to your wife)
2. frustration-aggression (husband can't find a job so he takes it out on his wife - displacement)
3. social exchange perspective- benefits outweigh the costs, benefit: controlling your wife... this doesnt make sense but violence isnt rational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violent acts between family members or between women and men in intimate or dating relationships |
|
|
Term
| History of Domestic Violence... the Puritans vs. 19th century |
|
Definition
homes were closely monitored by the community and it was the governments responsibility to
enforce moral behavior.
19th century= more emphasis on privacy and the private family and less attention to domestic violence |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to think about domestic violence |
|
Definition
1. political model: relations of power and authority between male and female
2. Medical Model: seen as an illness and a source of unjuries |
|
|
Term
| battered children syndrome |
|
Definition
| doctors noticing on xrays that children are being abused... 1963 |
|
|
Term
| When did wife beating become more recognized by society and why |
|
Definition
Mid 1970's.
Feminist groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. situational couple violence- arises from a specific situation where both men and women exhibit equal violent behaviors against each other.
2. intimate terrorism: a pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior oh his partner through repeated, serious violent acts.... entirely men |
|
|
Term
| why is there way more domestic violence today than in the past |
|
Definition
| there isnt. its just reported more |
|
|
Term
| What percent of women experience abuse at least once? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of women are actually beaten up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of women are threatened wtih a gun |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of women experience rape or attempted rape by an intimate partner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What decade was there a law passed against raping your spouse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are cohabiting women at a higher risk for domestic violence than married women? |
|
Definition
SELECTION
- you wouldn't marry an abuser
- cohabiting women more likely to be abused as children
- less commitment, more jealousy
- differences in age and education |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a higher chance of domestic violence for women with low incomes? |
|
Definition
-low income women more likely to report
-men with more education and resources less likely to abuse wife because they control with resources not force, and they dont have the stress of poverty to take otuu on their wives. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it more likely for black men to abuse their wives? |
|
Definition
| - they are responding to factors such as lack of resources and racism |
|
|
Term
| What is the most tolerated form of family violence today |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puritans view on children |
|
Definition
| they believe that children are born tainted with sin and the need to defeat sin by being punished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people think children are born innocent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serious physical harm (Trauma, sexual abuse, injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with intent to injure |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of specific types of child abuse |
|
Definition
neglect.......60%
physical.....20%
sexual........10%
emotional...7%
other.........20% |
|
|
Term
| Why is child abuse more common in low income families? |
|
Definition
| low income parents more likely to have experienced abuse as children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual relations between 2 related people (child and parent, cousins, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Long Term Consequences of Sexual Abuse |
|
Definition
1. inappropriate sexual behavior
2. feelings of betrayal
3. lack of trust
4. powerlessness
5. poor self image
6. depression
7. lack of clear sense of boundaries between oneself and others
8. earlier onset of sexual activity
9. riskier sexual activity
10. multiple partners |
|
|
Term
| What happened in the 1960's in regards to child abuse |
|
Definition
- battered child syndrome
- reporting requirements of professionals |
|
|
Term
| Consequences of Physical Abuse for Kids |
|
Definition
1. low self esteem, depression
2. brain injuries, growth retardation
3. greatest risk of dying form abuse |
|
|
Term
| Risng Child abuse or Rising Reports? |
|
Definition
unclear, but there are 3 times more reports in 2001 than in 1980
However there has been a decline in abuse since 1990 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking child away from their family is even worse for them |
|
|
Term
| What percent of parents who were abused as kids abuse their own children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of parents who were NOT abused abuse their children` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical abuse or neglect of an elderly person by a caregiver |
|
|
Term
| What percent of elderly people are abused? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases risk of being abused as an elderly person? |
|
Definition
- being isolated from friends and family
- if caregiver has mental health issues
- if caregiver is financially dependent on the abused |
|
|
Term
| When did people start paying attention to sexual aggression and violence in DATING relationships? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the 22% of women who were raped, were raped by an acquaintance, or someone a girl was casually dating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often are drugs and alcohol involved |
|
Definition
| 75% of the time for both the victim and the rapist |
|
|
Term
Physical Assault most common for: (Put in order)
married
dating
cohabiting |
|
Definition
HIGHEST
cohabiting 35%
married 20%
dating 15% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conservatives support 2 parent, male headed homes and want to preserve the family
liberals want independence and self fulfillment |
|
|
Term
Gay Marriage
WHATS AT ST1. STAKE? |
|
Definition
1. MATERIAL
- tax breaks, social security, health insurance, death benefits, power of attorney, legal rights to make decisions for someone when they are ill
2. MORAL
- pro: human rights
- con: religious
3. SYMBOLIC
- pro: see it symbol of human rights
- con: devalue heterosexual marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only certain states allow gay marriage.. Massachusetts, Indiana, Virginia, ME? RI? |
|
|
Term
| do younger or older people agree more with gay marriage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- birth
- adoption
- marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- recognize each other as family
- share affection
- present as family to community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everyone who qualifies gets benefits |
|
|
Term
| Was there a lot of financial assistance offered o families throughout the 19th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major event increased the need for government assistance? |
|
Definition
| economic collapse 1929... the great depression |
|
|
Term
Social Security Act of 1935
and what was it later named? |
|
Definition
the federal act that created among other provisions, social security, unemployment compensations, and aid to mothers with dependent children
later named AFDC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aid to Families with Dependent Children:
federal program of financial assistance to low in come families, commonly known as welfare
replaced by TANF..Temporary assistance for needy families |
|
|
Term
| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act |
|
Definition
1996 PRWORA
the federal welfare legislation that requires most recipients to work within 2 years and limits the amount of time a family can receive welfare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political beliefs about how the government should assist families in carrying for dependents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures, such as social security, unemployment, compensation, and a minimum wage, to protect workers and their families from the harshness of the capitalist system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family and the wife remains at home to do housework and child care. |
|
|
Term
| Why did family wage system weaken towards the end of the 20th century? |
|
Definition
wives worked outside the home
rise in cohabitation and childbearing outside marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- favor breadwinner home maker
- don't agree with abortions
- support government interventions that favor the family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- wants government to assist families and to help all families equally
- want to help married couples where wife is working and single parents more than bread winner home maker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberals and conservatives beginning in the late 1980s started reaching agreements |
|
|
Term
| earned income tax credit (EITC) |
|
Definition
| a refundable tax credit to low income families with children in which at least one parent is employed |
|
|
Term
| why do liberals AND conservatives favor income subsidy for parents who earn low wages? |
|
Definition
CONSERVATIVES
1. Goes only to families in which a parent is employed
2. Applies not only to dual earner, 2 parent families but also to breadwinner-homemaker families
LIBERALS
1. liberals like it because it provides income assistance to many low income families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a program in which the government is obligated to provide benefits to anyone who qualifies, regardless of the total cost of the program
AFDC and social security are entitlement programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fixed amount of money that federal government gives each state to spend on a set of programs.. ends entitlement to welfare benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set a 5 year limit on cash assistance |
|
|
Term
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TANF |
|
Definition
| federal program of financial assistance to low income families that began in 1996, following the passage of new welfare legislation |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for Policy Reversal of the Welfare System |
|
Definition
1. attitudes toward's women role
- AFDC was trying to hold onto traditional women's role in the home, however a single mother can't sit at home with her kids, she needs to get a job.
- by the 1990's most married middle class women had jobs so it only made since that poor, single mothers should have to work
2. Characteristics of the Recipients
- no longer are most widowed, but the vast majority are separated, divorced, or never married
- most are black
3. Concern about Dependancy
- spread of idea that welfare receiving poor has become too dependent on public service
- argues that they have built a system that discourage people from moving from welfare to work |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Welfare Reform |
|
Definition
coincided with declines in TANF caseload and increases in employment of low income single mothers
between 1996 and 2004 the number of families recieving TANF declined by more than 50% |
|
|
Term
| Debate about Welfare and Homosexuality |
|
Definition
| Conservatives support a 2006 law that provides funds to states fro activities that promote heterosexual marriage |
|
|
Term
| Marriage Promotion and its Alternative |
|
Definition
- the marriage movement favors government policies that promote marriage because it believes taht marriages are the best settings in which to raise children
- diversity defenders urge policies to adjust to the changes in family life by providing assistance to nontraditional families as well as to married couple families |
|
|
Term
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Definition
- in 2006, congress passed a bill that provided states up to $150 million from 2006-2010 to promote heterosexual marriage
- conservatives argued government should encourage low income men and women to marry in order to ease the hardships of poverty for their children and themselves
- Paths to parenthood and childbearing other than long term marriage are now more feasible and more attractive
- feminists see the pro marriage movement as an attempt to reassert men's control over women's lives |
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Term
| Alternatives for Assisting Children |
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Definition
- supporters of marriage movement contend that marriage provides a superior setting for raising children... no shit
- an alternative is to provide greater support for single parent families... due to movement of women into workforce and decline of earning power for non college educated men and increasing individualism
- an alternative is to assist families through benefits that are universal rather than means-tested rather than only for incomes below a certain level... provides same benefit to all families with children |
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Term
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Definition
- law passed in 2000 that civil unions is a type of domestic partnership that gives partners most of the legal rights the state gives to married couples
- 2004: legal in Massachusets
- 2005: Connecticut= first state to legalize same sex civil unions without pressure from courts
2005: legal throughout Canada
2004: 60% opposed gay marriage
2006: 50% opposed gay marriage |
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Term
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Definition
- law passed in 2000 that civil unions is a type of domestic partnership that gives partners most of the legal rights the state gives to married couples
- 2004: legal in Massachusets
- 2005: Connecticut= first state to legalize same sex civil unions without pressure from courts
2005: legal throughout Canada
2004: 60% opposed gay marriage
2006: 50% opposed gay marriage |
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Term
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Definition
- law passed in 2000 that civil unions is a type of domestic partnership that gives partners most of the legal rights the state gives to married couples
- 2004: legal in Massachusets
- 2005: Connecticut= first state to legalize same sex civil unions without pressure from courts
2005: legal throughout Canada
2004: 60% opposed gay marriage
2006: 50% opposed gay marriage |
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Term
| Less Economic Dependence on Men |
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Definition
decline of the home maker role and movement of women into the paid work force
allowed to live separately from men |
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Term
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Definition
- power of marriage to regulate people's personal lives is much weaker
- cohabitation= more common
- childbearing outside marriage is more tolerated
- divorce considered unfortunate but accepted
- life long singlehood is accepted
- greater acceptance of non married adults
- marriage less economically necessary
- marriage now thought of as personal fulfillment and divorce is a way out if marriage isn't fulfilling
- Among poor and blacks, connection between marriage and childbearing is especially weak
- Mexicans display more 3 generational households
- Marriage is strongest among Asians
- symbolic value of marriage has increased even as its practical significance has decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| people more likely to choose their own family lifestyle than to unthinkingly follow social norms or wishes of their families |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's sense of who he or she is and of where he or she fits in the social structure, ones family lifestyle has become a central aspect of self identity |
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Term
| Differences in personal life in the late modern era |
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Definition
- lifestyle choices used to be restricted, now mandatory
- kinship ties used to be acquired, now created |
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Term
| Kinship differences between men and women |
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Definition
- women hold together ties of kinship
- men who never marry drip away from kinship
- divorced men receive comfort by remarrying.
- women less likely to remarry |
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Term
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Definition
| individualism is excessive it in interferes with important social functions |
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Term
| How can gay and lesbian couples argue the right or marriage rights? |
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Definition
| they would have to claim that they are JUST LIKE heterosexual couples and have the same goals, purposes, and structure to their lives |
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Term
| when will gays and lesbians be liberated? |
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Definition
| when they are respected and accepted for their differences and diversity they provide to society |
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Term
| Why should gay people seek the right to marry? |
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Definition
Practical explanation:
- taxes
- benefits
- inheritance
- health insurance for spouse
POLITCAL
- Alison vs. Virginia
- allison had child, later cut off Virginia |
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