Term
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Definition
| The study of human society |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces |
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Term
| Who Wrote the Sociological Imagination in 1959? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a complex group of interdependent positions that perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time |
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Term
| What was Auguste Comte's claim? |
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Definition
| That a secular basis for morality did exist, that is we could determine right and wrong without reference to higher powers or other religious concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. |
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Term
| Who are some other enlightenment thinkers in the field of sociology? |
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Definition
| Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Hobbes |
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Term
| What did other enlightentment thinkers view as humankinds behavior? |
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Definition
| Behavior was governed by natural, biological instincts. to understand the nature of society, we need to strip away the layers of society to better understand how our basic drives and instincts governed and established the foundation for the surrounding world |
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Term
| Who was Harriet Martineau? |
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Definition
| The first to translate Comte into English, she claimed her translations were better than the original. |
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Term
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Definition
| an economist whose surname Marxism is an ideological alternative to capitalism. He was an historian, as well who brought the material world back into history |
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Definition
| Believed that Marx went too far in seeing cultre ideas religion and the like as merely an effect and not a cause of how societies evolve. He criticized Marx for his exclusive focus on the economy and social class, advocating sociolgical analysis that allowed for the multple influences of culture economics and politics |
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Term
| What is Max Weber most famous for? |
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Definition
| Economy and Society (1922) and the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (1930) |
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Term
| What was one of Weber's most important contributions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| German; understanding. The concept of Verstehen forms the object of inquiry for interpretive sociology - to study how social actors undersand their actions and the social world through experience. |
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Term
| What did Emile Durkheim focus his work on? |
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Definition
| Attempting to understand how society holds together and the ways that modern capitalism and industrialization have transformed how people relate to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| a strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships (akin to a social physics). |
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Term
| What did George Simmel establish? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of sociology concerned with the modes of recurrent social relationships (as competition, division of labor, supraordination, and subordination) that are conceived to exist in any type of human association |
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Definition
| The first sociologist to undertake ethnography in the African American Community |
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Definition
| concept conceived by Dubois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world and the other incorporating the external opinions of prejudiced onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that conflict between competing interest is the basic animating force of social change and society in general |
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Term
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Definition
| is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical discourse, it aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's social roles and lived experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientationsm and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions - developed in the 1960's. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history , the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting identities resulting from disjointed affiliations. |
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Definition
| an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity. |
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Definition
| A theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function |
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Term
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Definition
| seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews. |
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Term
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Definition
| generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analsis - that is, across the breadth of a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form |
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Term
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Definition
| a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations and then analyzes the data to confirm reject or modify the original theory |
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Term
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Definition
| a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory |
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Term
| Correlation or Association |
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Definition
| simultaneous variation in two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B in fact, is causing A. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outcome that the researcher is trying to explain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a proposed relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study. |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied. |
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Term
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Definition
| analyzing and critically considering our own role in and affect on, our research |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of systems or methods that threat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women. |
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Term
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Definition
| a qualitative research method that seeks to observe social actions in practice |
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Term
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Definition
| an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents |
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Term
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Definition
| research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date to a prior time period under study |
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Term
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Definition
| a methodology by which two or more entities - such as countries - which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them |
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Term
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Definition
| methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| a systmatic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication such as a written work, speech, or film |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a non-academic audience for a normative, productive end. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones) and practices; that which is not the natural environment around us. |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of ones own. |
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Term
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Definition
| values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| everything that is a part of our constructed physical environment, including technology |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value |
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Term
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Definition
| modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural |
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Term
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Definition
| the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how values tell us to behave |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected. |
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Term
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Definition
| any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of turning media against thesleves |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person |
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Term
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Definition
| one's sense of agency, action or power |
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Term
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Definition
| the self as perceived as an object by the "I", as the self as one imagines others perceive one. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone or something outside of oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| an internalized sense of the total expectations of others ina variety of settings - regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reegineered, often deliberatley through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution |
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Term
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Definition
| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| a recognizable social position that an individual occupies |
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Term
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Definition
| The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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Term
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Definition
| the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single statues |
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Term
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Definition
| the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses |
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Term
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Definition
| all the statuses one holds simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| a status into which one is born; involuntary status. |
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Term
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Definition
| one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status ad male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
| a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. |
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Term
| Who is credited with the dramaturgical theory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on a metaphorical stage, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets. |
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Term
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Definition
| the esteem in which an individual is held by others |
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Term
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Definition
| literally "the methods of the people" and approach to studying human interaction which focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strength of weak ties: it is the people with whom we are the least connected who offer us the most opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| members of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin "the third that rejoices" the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Latin "divide and conquer" the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group characterized by the face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that is similar to a small group, but is multifocal |
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Term
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Definition
| a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and consequently status differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face to face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end). |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for the powerful group most often the majority |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of relations essentially a set of days - held together by ties between individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of stories contained in a set of ties |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network |
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Term
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Definition
| a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals or clusters have complementary resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the information knowledge of people and connections that help individuals enter gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks |
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Term
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Definition
| any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world. |
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Term
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Definition
| the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions. |
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Term
| Chapter 6 Paradox/social control and deviance |
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Definition
| It is the deviants among us who hold society together |
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Term
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Definition
| any transgression of socially established norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of laws enacted by society |
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Term
| What did Victor Rios write |
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Definition
| Punished: Policing the lives of Blank and Latino Boys (2012) |
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Term
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Definition
| A former homeboy who is now an Assistant Professor at UCSB. |
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Term
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Definition
| social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day to day basis |
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Term
| Mechanical or Segmental solidarity |
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Definition
| social cohesion based on sameness |
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Term
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Definition
| social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior |
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Term
| Informal Social Sanctions |
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Definition
| the usually unexpressed buy widely known rules of group membership, the unspoken rules of social life. |
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Term
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Definition
| how well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day to day basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Term
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Definition
| suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
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Term
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Definition
| Suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| suicide that occurs as a result of too mch social regualtion |
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Term
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Definition
| He pioneered a complementary theory of social deviance, instead of stressing the way sudden social changes lead to feelings of helplessness, he conceived the strain theory |
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Term
| What is the Strain Theory? |
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Definition
| that the real problem behind anomie occurs when a society holds out the same goals to all its members, but does not give them equal ability to acheive these goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially defined goals in order to live within his or her own means |
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Term
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Definition
| social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them |
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Term
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Definition
| one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from or not participating in society |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who rejects socially acceptable goals and means but wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated |
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Term
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Definition
| a micro level theory in which shared meanings, orientations and assumptions for the basic motivations behind people's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their self-identity |
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Term
| Howard Becker was a proponent of: |
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Definition
| The labeling theory, arguing that individuals do not commit crimes, rather, social groups create deviance first by setting the rules for what's right and wrong and by labeling wrongdoesrs as outsiders. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label aod "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you |
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Term
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Definition
| subsequent acts of rule breaking tat occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self -concept and social identity |
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Term
| Broken windows theory of deviance |
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Definition
| theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| crime committed in public and often associated with violence gangs, and poverty |
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Term
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Definition
| offense committed by a professional (s) against a corporation, agency, or other institution (Bernie Madoff) |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular type of white collar crime committed by the officers (CEO"S and other executives) of a corporation |
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Term
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Definition
| philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to criminal behavior |
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Term
| Who coined the phrase Total Institution? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day to day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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Term
| Foucault studied many things, what was his focus on crime and deviance and which book addresses this most closely/ |
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Definition
| In Discipline and Punish (1977) he examines the emergence of the modern penal system and how this system represents a transformation in social control |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular building composed of an inner ring and an outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the detainees can always be seen and the observer housed in the inner rig is hidden from those being observed |
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Term
| Chapter 7 Paradox/Stratification |
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Definition
| Inequality is the result of abundance |
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Term
| Chapter 1 Paradox/Sociological Imagination/introduction |
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Definition
| A successful sociologist makes the familiar strange |
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Term
| Chapter 2 Paradox/Methods |
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Definition
| If we successfully answer one question, it only spawns others. there is no moment when a social scientists work is done |
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Term
| Chapter 3 Paradox/Culture and Media |
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Definition
| do mass media create culture or merely reflect it? culture is like two mirrors facing each other. simultaneously reflecting and creating the world we live in |
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Term
| Chapter 4 paradox/socialization and the construction of reality |
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Definition
| the most imporant aspects of social life are those concepts we learn without anyone teaching us |
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Term
| Chapter 5 paradox/groups and networks |
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Definition
| the strenth of weak ties: it is the people with whom we are the least connected who offer us the most opportunites |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical relationship in which two events or variables have no direct causal connection, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they do, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "confounding factor" or "lurking variable") |
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Term
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Definition
| phrase often used in law to indicate that the consent a person gives meets certain minimum standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| spending on goods and services acquired mainly for the purpose of displaying income or wealth. |
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Term
| Who coined the phrase "The Looking Glass Self"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define "The Looking Glass Self" |
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Definition
| stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping themselves based on other people's perception, which leads the people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves. |
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Term
| What was George Herbert Mead's Theory |
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Definition
| concept of the how mind and self emerge from the social process of communication by signs founded the symbolic interactionist school of sociology. |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment developed in the 1940's that shows how much people are influenced by the actions or norms of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (i.e., "love of the same") is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others |
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Term
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Definition
| structured social inequality or more specifically systematic inequalties between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist |
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Term
| Jean-Jacque Rousseau believes that a natural inequality will always exist |
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Definition
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Term
| Thomas Malthus had a negative view of inequality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two directional relationship - one that goes both ways |
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Term
| Georg Hegel viewed history in terms of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of G-d |
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Term
| Equality of Opportunity (Game of Monopoly) |
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Definition
| the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair |
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Term
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Definition
| a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. (Modern Capitalism) |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point. |
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Term
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Definition
| a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regarless of the fairness of the game |
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Term
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Definition
| the nothion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incetive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight. |
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Term
| Name 5 forms of stratification: |
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Definition
| Estate, Caste, Class, Status Hierarchy, Elite-Mass Dichotomy |
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Term
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Definition
| politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| religious based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stratification based on social prestige |
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Term
| Elite-mass dichotomy system |
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Definition
| stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement. |
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Term
| SES - socio economic status |
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Definition
| an individual's position in a stratified social order |
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Term
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Definition
| money recieved by a person for work or from returns on investments |
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Term
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Definition
| a family's or individual's net worth |
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Term
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Definition
| term for the economic elite |
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Term
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Definition
| term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement between different positions within a system of social stratifcation in any given society |
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Term
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Definition
| mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that ranks individuals by SES |
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