Term
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Definition
| a system of production and distributing goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus |
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Term
| Thorstein Veblen's conspicuous consumption |
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Definition
| term for a change from the Protestant ethic to an eagerness to show off wealth by the consumption of goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which people place a value on goods and services in order to make an exchange, for example, currency, gold and silver. |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct exchange of one item for another |
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Term
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Definition
| any item (from sea shells to gold) that serves as a medium of exchange; today, currency si the most common form. |
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Term
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Definition
| a receipt stating that a certain amount of goods is on deposit in a warehouse or bank; the receipt is used as a form of money. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the goods that are stored and held in reserve that back up (or provide the value for) a currency. |
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Term
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Definition
| paper money backed by gold. |
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Term
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Definition
| currency issued by a government that is not backed by stored value. |
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Term
| gross domestic product GDP |
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Definition
| the amount of goods and services produced by a nation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a device that alloows its owner to purchase goods and to be billed later |
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Term
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Definition
| a device that allows its owner to charge purchases against his or her bank account |
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Term
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Definition
| digital money that is stored on computers |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, market competition, and the pursuit of profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| unrestrained manufacture and trade (literally "hands off" capitalism) |
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Term
| welfare (or state) capitalism |
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Definition
| an economic system in which individuals own the mane |
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Term
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Definition
| laws and regulations that limit the capacity to manufacture and sell products |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of an entire industry by a single company. |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive. |
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Term
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Definition
| the law of supply and demand. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hybrid economic system in which capitalism is mixed with state ownership. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that as capitalist and socialist economic systems each adopt features of the other, a hybrid (or mised) economic system will emerge |
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Term
| Emil Durkheim's mechanical solidarity |
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Definition
| term for the unity (or shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
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Term
| Emil Durkheim's organic solidarity |
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Definition
| term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the joint ownership of a business enterprise, whose liabilities and obligations are separate from those of its owners. |
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Term
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Definition
| the domination of the economic system by giant corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| the refusal of a corporation's stockholders to rubber-stamp decisions made by its managers |
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Term
| multinational corporations |
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Definition
| companies that operate across national boundaries; also called transnational corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| the control of an entire industry by several large companies. |
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Term
| interlocking directorates |
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Definition
| the same people serving on the board of directors of several companies. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental changes in society that follow when vast numbers of women enter the work force. |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanges of goods and services that are not reported to the government and thereby escape taxation |
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Term
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Definition
| time not taken up by work or necessary activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the exercise of power and attempts to maintain or to change power relations |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the exercise of power in everyday life, such as deciding who is going to do the housework or use the remote control. |
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Term
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Definition
| the exercise of large-scale power, the government being the most common example. |
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Term
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Definition
| power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power. |
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Term
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Definition
| power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power. |
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Term
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Definition
| a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; commonly known as a country. |
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Term
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Definition
| armed resistance designed to overthrow and replace a government. |
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Term
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Definition
| authority based on custom |
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Term
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Definition
| authority based on law or wirtten rules and regulations; also called bureaucratic authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers. |
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Term
| routinization of charisma |
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Definition
| the transfer of authority from a charismatic figure to either a traditional or a rational-legal form of authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| an independent city whose power radiates outward, bringing the adjacent area under its rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government headed by a king or queen |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of government in which authority derives from the people; the term comes from two Greek words that translate literally as "ower to the people" |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of democracy in which the eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make their decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make decisions on their behalf |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that virth (and residence) in a country impart basic rights |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that everyone has the same basic rights by virtue of being born in a country (or by immigrating and becoming a naturalized citizen) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government in which an individual has sized power. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power' the rule of the many by the few. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government that exerts almost total control over people. |
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Term
| proportional representation |
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Definition
| an electoral system in which seats in a legislature are divided according to the proportion of votes that each political party receives |
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Term
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Definition
| a political party that represents less central (or popular) ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| a political party that represents the center of political opinion |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which a country's largest party aligns itself with one or more smaller parties |
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Term
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Definition
| indifference and inaction on the part of individuals or groups with respect to the political process |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who support a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action |
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Term
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Definition
| people who influence legislation on behalf of their clients |
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Term
| political action committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| an organization formed by one or more special interest groups to solicit and spend funds for the purpose of influencing legislation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of lawlessness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the goveernment |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of powers among the three branches of US government-legislative, executive, and judicial-so that each is able to nullify the actions of the other two, thus preventing the domination of any single branch |
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Term
| C. Wright Mills' power elite |
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Definition
| term for the top people in US corporations who make the nation's major decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for the power elite |
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Term
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Definition
| armed conflict between nations or politically distinct groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the act or process or reducing people to objects that do not deserve the treatment accorded humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of violence or the threat of violence to produce fear in order to attain political objectives |
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Term
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Definition
| a strong identification with a nation, accompanied by the desire for that nation to be dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills |
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Term
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Definition
| laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school. |
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Term
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Definition
| the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| unintended beneficial consequences of people's functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work. |
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Term
| cultural transmission of values |
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Definition
| in reference to education the ways in which schools transmit a society's culture, especially its core values. |
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Term
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Definition
| helping people to become part of the mainstream of society |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sorting of students into difference educational programs on the basis of real or preceived abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a function of education-funneling people into a society's various positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the sociological principle that schools corrspond to (or reflect) the social struxure of their society. |
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Term
| Robert Merton's self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Definition
| term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted |
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Term
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Definition
| higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning |
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Term
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Definition
| passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| a high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math |
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Term
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Definition
| term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect |
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Term
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Definition
| term for common elements of everyday life. |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the three essential elements of religion-a moral community of believers; also refers to a type of religious organization, to a large, highly organized group with formal, sedate worship services and little emphasis on personal conversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia |
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Term
| Robert Bellah's civil religion |
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Definition
| term for religion that is such an established feature of a country's life that its history and social institutions are intertwined with the group's teachings about God. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the context of religion: a subsitute that serves the same functions (or meets the same needs) as religion; examples are psychotherapy and deep participation in "causes" or social movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| ceremonies or repetitive practices; in the context of religion, religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred |
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Term
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Definition
| teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God |
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Term
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Definition
| a term describing Christians who have undergone a life-transforming religious experience so radical that they feel they have become new persons |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies |
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Term
| Max Weber's spirit of capitalism |
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Definition
| term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty-not to spend the money, but as an end in itself-and to constantly reinvest it. |
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Term
| Max Weber's Protestant ethic |
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Definition
| term to descrive the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that there is only one God |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that there are many gods |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that all objects in the world have spirits, some of which are dangerous and must be outwitted |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice, discrimination, and persecution directed against Jews |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that true religion is threatened by social change and that the faith as it was originally practiced should be restored. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Hinduism and Buddhism, the return of the soul (or self) after death in a different form. |
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Term
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Definition
| a new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with te dominant culture and religion |
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Term
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Definition
| literally, someone to whom God has given a gift; more commonly, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers |
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Term
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Definition
| literally, an estraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding or "magnetic" personality that draws people to the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society. |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to win converts |
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Term
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Definition
| a religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion |
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Term
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Definition
| a "brand name" within a major religion for example, Methodist or Baptist |
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Term
| secularization of religion |
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Definition
| the replacement of a religion's spiritual or "other worldly" concerns with concerns about "this world" |
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Term
| secularization of culture |
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Definition
| the process by which a sulture becomes less influenced by religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| extraordinary activities carried ut by groups of people' includes lynchings, rumors, panics, urban legends, fads and fashions |
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Term
| Gustave LeBon's collective mind |
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Definition
| term for the tendency of people in a crowd to feel, think, and act in unusual ways |
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Term
| Robert Park's circular reaction |
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Definition
| term for a back-and-forth communication among the members of a crowd whereby a "collective impulse" is transmitted |
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Term
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Definition
| an excited group of people who move toward a goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| a crowd standing or wlking around as they talk excitedly about some event |
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Term
| Richard Berk's minimax strategy |
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Definition
| term for the efforts people make to minimize their costs and maximize their rewards |
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Term
| Ralph Terner's and Lewis Killian's emergent norms |
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Definition
| term for people developing new norms to cope with a new situation; used to explain crowd behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| violent crowd behavior directed at people and property |
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Term
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Definition
| unfounded information spread among people |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition of being so fearful that one cannot function normally and may even flee |
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Term
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Definition
| the incorporation of additional activities into a role |
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Term
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Definition
| an imagined threat that causes physical symptoms among a large number of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fear that grips a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society, followed by hostility, sometimes violence, toweard those thought responsible. |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary pattern of behavior that catches people's attention |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of behavior that catches people's attention and lasts longer than a fad |
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Term
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Definition
| a story with an ironic twist tht sounds realistic but is false |
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Term
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Definition
| a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change. |
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Term
| proactive social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that promotes some social change |
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Term
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Definition
| a social movement that resists some social change |
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Term
| social movement organization |
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Definition
| an organization to promote the goals of a social movement |
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Term
| alterative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to alter only some specific aspects of people |
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Term
| redemptive social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to change poeple totally, to redeem them |
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Term
| reformative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspects of society |
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Term
| transformative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that seeks to change society totally, to transform it |
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Term
| millenarian social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement based on the prophecy of coming social upheaval |
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Term
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Definition
| a social movement in which South Pacific Islanders detroyed their possessions in the anticipation that their ancestors would ship them new goods. |
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Term
| transnational social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement whose emphasis is on some condition around the world, instead of on a condition in a specific country; also known as new social movements |
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Term
| metaformative social movement |
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Definition
| a social movement that has the goal to change the social order not just of a country or two, but of a civilization, or even of the entire world. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the contect of social movements, a dispersed group of people relevant to a social movement' the sympathetic and hostile publics have an interest in the issues on which a social movement focuses; there is also an unaware or indifferent public. |
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Term
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Definition
| how people think about some issue |
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Term
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Definition
| in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information used to try to influence people |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation for why people participate in a social movement based on the assumption that the movement offers them a sense of belonging |
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Term
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Definition
| industrialized, highly bureaucratized, impersonal society |
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Term
| relative deprivation theory |
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Definition
| in this context, the belief that people join social movements based on their evaluations of what they think they should have compared with what others have. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who joins a group in order to spy on it and to sabotage it by provoking its members to commit extreme acts |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that social movements succeed or fail based on their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money and people's skills |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies |
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Term
|
Definition
| the alteration of culture and societies over time |
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Term
| William Ogburn's invention |
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Definition
| the conbination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change |
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Term
| William Ogburn's discovery |
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Definition
| a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change |
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Term
| William Ogburn's diffusion |
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Definition
| the spread of an invention or a discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change |
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Term
| William Ogburn's cultural lag |
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Definition
| term for human behavior laggin behind technological innovations |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for postindustrial society; a chief characteristic is the use of tools that extend human abilities to gather and analyze information, to communicate, and to travel |
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Term
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Definition
| term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product-this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in a general sens of not feeling a part of something. |
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Term
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Definition
| a world system that takes into account the limits of the environment, produces enough material goods for everyone's needs, and leaves a heritage of a sound environment for the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| rain containing sulfuric and nitric acids (burning fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that become sulfuric and nitric acides when they react with moister in the air) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming. |
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Term
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Definition
| the financial incentives (tax breaks, subsidies, and even land and stadiums) given to corporations in order to attract them to an area or induce them to remain |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the earth's temperature due to the greenhouse effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the pollution of our environment affecting minorities and the poor the most |
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Term
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Definition
| actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialty within sociology where the focus is the relationship between human socieites and the environment |
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