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Social
The self, stereotyping
30
Psychology
Not Applicable
03/12/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Bem's 1972 Self perception theory

Definition

-Feelings, attitudes, weak or unclear: inferences drawn from overt behaviour

 

-Self knowledge frommaking internal attributions for behaviour

 

-Thoughts and feelings better than behviour: may rely on casual theories

Term

 

 

Festinger: Social Comparison theory

Definition

- Compare socially for a variety of goals

 

-motivate, self enhance, honest etc.

Term

 

 

1. Markus: Self schemas

 

2. Linville 1985

Definition

-Guide info processing

-Organized around roles

-Working self concept: dependent on particular moment

 

2.Self complexity theory- a blow in one area does not effect other

 

Term

 

 

Who am I?  Cousins1989

Definition

-Americans- more general with no qualifier

 

-Japanese- more general  when a qualifier given

Term

 

 

Basic self motives

Definition

- Accurate self knowledge

 

-Stable self concept

 

-Positive self concept

 

-'Good self'

 

  Westerners- self enahance: individualistic

Japanese self enhance on collective actions

Term

 

 

Swann 1990- Self verification vs. self enhancement theory

Definition

-People need to seek confirmation of positive or negative self

 

-Prefer partenrs with same view

 

-Prefer feedback on strenghts.

Term

1.Self regulation

 

2. Self awarenss theory

Definition

1. Driven by motivation

 

2. Focus on self and compare current behaviour with personal or sociatal standards/values

-Discrepency = disatisfaction--reduce

-change behaviour

-escape focus (drinking etc.)

 

Self focus positive after success--helps follow moral standards

 

 

Term

 

 

Higgens 1987: Self discrepaency theory

Definition

Evaluate against ideal and ought self

 

-Actual vs ideal= depression

 

-Actual vs. ought= anxiety

 

-Event or mood associated with discrepency

Term

 

 

Self evaluation theory: Tesser 1988

Definition

-Anothers behaviour can threaten self concept

 

-Depends on psych closeness, relevance

 

-Must distance self, change relevence or improve performance

Term

Social comparison

 

Lockwood and Kunda

 

Kunda 2992

Definition

Attainability

 

-deflating or inspiring

 

-2 routes to feeling good about superior other

bask in reflective glory

inspiration if attainable

 

Comparison w/ inferior= enhancing or deflating

Term

 

 

 

Bruner- Categorization

Definition

Primitive categories

 

-Reduce info/ ignore uneccessary

 

-Give meaning/info that cannot be percieved.

 

Prejudice from normal cognitive function

Term

 

 

Consequences of Categorization

Definition

 

-differntiation and assimilation

 

-ingroup bias

-intergroup attributions

-steretyping

Term

 

 

Tajfel and Wilkes 1963-categorization

Definition

-Cards with lines

 

-Overestimated differences once categorized.

Term
Inter and intra group homogenity
Definition

 

 

 

In group more complex

 

 -Outgroup more homogenous

 

-Unless ingroup minority

Term

Intragroup

 

 

1. Simon and Brown 1987

 

2. Perdue 1990

Definition

1. Blue/green group: If ingroup majorit then outgroup=homogenous

 

2. In group bias- Subliminal prime- I me them

-Adjective

-More positive for in than neg for out

Term

1.Factors guiding categorization

 

2.Gifford 1976

Definition

Accessibility x fit

-Percievers more habitual or temp needs/goals

-Recent activation

-more salient

=more likely to stereotype

 

2. Sentences- categorization + distinctivenss: undesirable sentence soverestimated for minority

Term

Grain of truth

 

Eagles and Steffen

Definition

-Social roles

 

-Responded more to role than gender unless no role was given

Term

 

 

Status quo

Definition

-justify dominant groups privaleges

 

-stereotypes are from social relations between groups not just cognitive

Term

 

 1. Duncan 1976

 

2. Kunda and Sherman

 

3. Darley and Gross

Definition

1. Black.white pushing

 

2. House wife/construction worker- judeged bases on behviour unless ambigous

 

3. middle and working class Hannah

 

Stereotype congruent judgements if information is ambigous

Term

internal vs. external attributions

 

Ross 1977

 

Maas

 

Word et al.

Definition

1. Fundamental attribution error: attribute positive ingroup and negative outgroup internally

 

2. Horse race rivals: More abstract desirable to ingoup More abstract undesirable to outgroup.

 

3. Self fulfilling prohpecies- interviewers/interviewees

Term

Automatic activation

 

1. Devine

 

2. Lepore and Brown

 

3. Gilbert and Hixon

Definition

1. Subliminal priming dual process: stereotypes automatically activated, controlled application

 

2. No negative stereotype for low prejudice people

 

3. Categorize but do not activate sterotypes as often when busy

 

Factors can influence automatic activation:

Prejudice level

Cognitive busyness

Motives

Term
Stereotype suppression
Definition

-\internal vs. external motivation

 

-Internal most successful

 

-Prolonged prescence of social norms for hight prej or externall motivated

Term

 

 

Rebound effects

Definition

 

Macrae- 1994= seating distance greater for supressors

Term

Intergroup relations

 

 

Campbell 1965- Realistic group conflict theory

Definition

-intergroup attitudes and behaviour reflect group interest

 -Hostility and competitions

-friendliness and cooperation

Term

Intergroup relations

 

 

Sheriff

Definition

-Prejudice from real or percieved conflict of interest, threat real or imagined

 

-Summer camp studies: Conflicting goals not necessary to elicit ingroup bias and competition

Term

 

 

Minimal group paradigm

Definition

Rabbie and Horwits- common fate necessary for ingroup bias: revised

 

-Tajfel 1971: flimsy criterion

-ingroup favouritism

 

Term

 

1.Social identity theory

 

2. brown 1978

 

 

Definition

1.Categorization: simplifies social world

Self identitiy: search positive distinctivenss

 

2. Wage differntials

Term

 

 

Status Relations

Definition

-Permeability

-Stability

-Legitamacy

 

-If permeable disengage

-In impermeable, unstable, illegitamate: act to changeL poses threat to higher group

 

-Identification increases if group under threat

Term

 

 

Allport 1954- contact hypothesis

Definition

Equal status contact plus insitutional support = lower prej.

 

1. Recategorization

2. Decategorization

 

May not resolve generalization issues.

 

Models of intragroup contact= boundaries but positive interdependence

Negative attitudes can be generalized

Anxiety provoking

 

Brewer and Gartner- over time all can facilitate eachother

 

 

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