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| the science that deals with the structure of animals and plants |
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| opposing Church teachings |
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| official exclusion from the Catholic Church |
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| certificates that reduced the time people would be punished for their sins after they died |
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| a social system in which status is ranked and power is concentrated in the higher ranks |
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the system of political organization during the Middle Ages in which the lord owned the land and all others served him |
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| a piece of land, sometimes called a fief |
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| peasants who rented land or worked for pay |
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| peasants who worked the land for the lord and were not allowed to leave the manor without the lord’s permission |
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| building and lands in which monks lived and carried out their religious duties |
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| a politically independent city and the rural area or hinterland around it |
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| countries ruled by a king or queen |
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| an unelected group of powerful leaders |
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