Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
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Definition
| no more chinese immigrants allowed |
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Term
| Santa Clara vs Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) |
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Definition
| court defines corporations as people |
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Term
| Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887) |
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Definition
confiscated mormon property to punish polygamists, even though only 10% were...
(government wanted their land) |
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Term
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Definition
government took control of 5 nations' land
assigned allotment homesteads for Native American families, forcing them to farm. Gave property to railroads |
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Term
| Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
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Term
| Citizen's United vs Federal Election Commission |
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Definition
| court held that campaigns can have unlimited funding |
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Term
| Aristotle's view on slavery |
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Definition
some people were born to be slaves
social darwinism |
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Term
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Definition
| those that are at the top of society are the most fit |
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Term
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Definition
| general images of reality |
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Term
| 3 critical value assumptions |
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Definition
1. inequality isn't inevitable
2. optimistic view of human nature (altruistic)
3. social activism |
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Term
| 3 uncritical value assumptions |
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Definition
1. inequality is inevitable
2. distrust of human nature
3. sociology should be value free (scientific objectivity) |
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Term
| 3 conflict model assumptions |
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Definition
1. social bonds created with conflict, coercion, and unequal power
2. focus on societal parts + processes
3. society is an arena for struggles between classes and interest groups |
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Term
| 3 Order Model Assumptions |
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Definition
1. society bonded by consensus and interdependence
2. holistic view of society
3. focus on society as a social system with needs of its own |
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Term
| Critical Order: Type of perspective + person |
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Definition
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Term
| Uncritical Order: Type of perspective + person |
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Definition
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Term
| Critical Conflict: Type of perspective + person |
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Definition
Ruling Class/Conflict Theory
MARX |
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Term
| Uncritical Conflict: Type of perspective + person |
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Definition
power-conflict/Multi-dimensional
WEBER |
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Term
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Definition
| society is a mess, need reform, consensus |
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Term
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Definition
| society has problems, can be fixed. problems are based in nature of society. interdependency |
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Term
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Definition
society sucks, no reform
MARX - need violent revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict built into all social relations. dominance + submission. need to have a hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
accepted all assumptions of FUNCTIONALISM and Social Darwinism
Spencer thought it was bad to feed poor and help people that were in need, because they were genetically inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| millionaires are the product of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
-society = organism
-morality = basis for society
-crime, poverty, etc = sociologically normal
-no perfect society exists |
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Term
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Definition
| thought that the native americans would be good christian converts. puritans ran out of good land, so they stole it. |
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Term
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Definition
characteristic of society where nobody knows the norms
ex: 60s + 70s. "the pill" = choice. invalidated "no sex before marriage" |
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Term
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Definition
1. people don't understand norms
2. absence of rules
3. incongruity
4. lack of consensus on interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict theory
morals decided on consensus. morals determine status and $ |
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Term
| how long has sociology existed? |
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Definition
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Term
| First detailed sociology study |
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Definition
| Middletown, by Robert and Helen Lynd in 1929 |
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Term
| 3 ways Warner school differed from Lynd |
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Definition
1. Warner school defined social stratification in terms of status
2. Warner school failed to look at equality of opportunity critically. stressed that people could be socially mobile
3. emphasis on social stratification a being FUNCTIONAL and necessary for society. |
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Term
| Primary points of problems caused by capitalism |
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Definition
1. subject of social stratification was ignored. pretended classes didnt exist
2. nobody realized inequalities until great depression
3. status inequality interest increased, but american was still called a classless society |
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Term
| David and Moore theory of social stratification |
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Definition
1948
inequality is naturally functional and necessary for society.
-specialized skills and positions in society
-only limited amount of people have special talents for society
-converting talents into skills takes training + not everyone has the time
-goods and services can be split up into 3 categories: subsistence + comfort, humor and diversion, self-respect and ego-expansion |
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Term
| Critiques of Davis + Moore Theoru |
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Definition
system must tend toward perfect equality of wealth.
labor mobility brings wages back up, creating equality.
not sure what most positions on society are |
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Term
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Definition
empirical research - most important positions in society are the highest paying
-used to test david + moore theory...is social stratification inevitable and natural? |
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Term
| Parsons' Functional theory of social stratification |
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Definition
-status or honor is the most important dimension of social stratification. people are evaluated and ranked by how they live up to norms and values of society.
money is only a symbol of achieving this. the common value system is shaped by institution that is given primary stress in the society. |
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Term
| socioeconomic status scales |
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Definition
| empirical measures of class position |
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Term
| Warner's Yankee City Studies |
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Definition
-reputational model of class identification
-6 distinct class positions based on status
classes based off of others' judgments about community |
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Term
| Warner's 6 distinct class positions |
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Definition
1. Upper Upper class
2. Lower upper class: newly rich, no prestige
3. upper middle class: successful but not rich families
4. lower middle class: small business families
5. Upper lower class: strong moral members in community but not well off
6. lower lower class: unemployed and those with low moral standards |
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Term
| Hollingshead's 2 factor index of social position |
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Definition
| indicates person's class position by analyzing occupation and educational level |
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Term
| What is the most important dimension of social stratification stressed for conflict theorists? and functionalists? |
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Definition
CONFLICT: CLASS
Functionalists: STATUS |
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Term
| critical conflict theorists |
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Definition
assume that inequality can be significantly reduced and that the major source of inequality is related to the historical development of property relations
Ruling class theory
CLASS |
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Term
| Uncritical conflict theorists |
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Definition
inequality is based on differing interests in groups
Power-conflict theoru
POWER |
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Term
| Uncritical order theorists |
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Definition
inequality will always be present, but needs of complex organizations is at faults
Functional theory
status-honor |
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Term
| Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore's theory states that |
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Definition
1. to induce people with talent to convert the talent and skills, people are given the expectation of greater rewards.
2. |
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Term
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Definition
| classes are clear-cut divisions in society |
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Term
| People who believe there are no clear class boundaries are taking a(n) ______ view of stratification: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Kerbo, it's useless to argue with Talcott Parsons' prediction that top business executives are the most highly rewarded in the U.S, but one can argue about: |
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Definition
| why the people at the top of a stratification system are on the top |
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Term
| According to the world systems approach (e.g., Wallerstein) to stratification, the rich nations are considered: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which of the following are reasons often given for the inaccuracies in Marxian theory? |
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Definition
| The growth and strength of the state |
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Term
| When one examines class from the standpoint of the meaning it has for the people said to be in that class, it is called: |
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Definition
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Term
Marks: 1
The research by W. Lloyd Warner and his colleagues emphasized what aspect of social stratification? |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent studies (e.g., Nakao and Treas) of occupational prestige show: |
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Definition
1. a high correlation within a society across time (i.e., historical).
2.a high correlation between industrial societies.
3.a high correlation between industrial and developing societies as long as the occupations are known to the people in the developing societies |
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Term
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Definition
| one's place in the labor market and its relationship to the means of production |
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Term
| Multi-Dimensional Approach: Economic - Advantages of being wealthy? |
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Definition
"wealth"
-income
-access to credit: how much can you borrow?
-control over wages + working conditions : consumer control
-Control over prices + quality of products/services |
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Term
| Multi-Dimensional Approach: Political - Advantages of having political power? |
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Definition
"power"
legitimated force
influence (coercion)
incumbency + prestige of office
creation of laws (promote your own interests)
Rights of citizenship (basic human rights limits power of wealthy) |
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Term
| Multi-Dimensional Approach: Prestige - Advantages of having status and honor? |
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Definition
status-honor
-access to economic and politically powerful people and groups
access to other prestigious people
access to media |
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Term
| Multi-Dimensional Approach: How does economic power become prestige? |
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Definition
| Invest money to become a political power. follow morals and become wellknown to gain prestige |
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Term
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Definition
-maximize efficiency for tasks
-specialized division of labor
-hierarchical authority + decision making
-explicit rules + regulation
-impersonal
-career in bureaucracy=advancement based on merit
-efficient in utilizing resources to provide servic |
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Term
| Who came up with the multi-dimensional approach (synthetic)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7 problems of bureaucracy |
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Definition
1. Oligarchy: tendency for an elite to dominate an organization and use it for self-promotion. Reward supports and punish adversaries.
2. Ritualism: Workers develop a “trained incapacity” to deal with special cases and other “indeterminate tasks.” Not rewarded for going out of way for completing non-routine jobs. Example: financial aid office. “Not my job, your problem.”
3. Distorted communication: use of acronyms and argot – distorted info flows up and down hierarchy. Tell people in charge what they want to hear, not the truth
4. Group think: pressure to conform organizational policies and rituals. Results in premature consensus. Example: bay of pigs invasion of Cuba
5. Peter Principle: workers rise to their highest level of incompetency. More power at top of hierarchy, so ambitious people try to move up by kissing ass. May not have leadership skills or qualifications
6. Parkinson’s Law: work expands to fill the time allocated for its completion. Leading to domain creation, expansion and territoriality
7. Goal Displacement: organizations original mission is replaced by a previous subordinate, but initially complementing goal. Example: football. Sports takes over academic mission |
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Term
| 7 problems of bureaucracy |
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Definition
1. Oligarchy: tendency for an elite to dominate an organization and use it for self-promotion. Reward supports and punish adversaries.
2. Ritualism: Workers develop a “trained incapacity” to deal with special cases and other “indeterminate tasks.” Not rewarded for going out of way for completing non-routine jobs. Example: financial aid office. “Not my job, your problem.”
3. Distorted communication: use of acronyms and argot – distorted info flows up and down hierarchy. Tell people in charge what they want to hear, not the truth
4. Group think: pressure to conform organizational policies and rituals. Results in premature consensus. Example: bay of pigs invasion of Cuba
5. Peter Principle: workers rise to their highest level of incompetency. More power at top of hierarchy, so ambitious people try to move up by kissing ass. May not have leadership skills or qualifications
6. Parkinson’s Law: work expands to fill the time allocated for its completion. Leading to domain creation, expansion and territoriality
7. Goal Displacement: organizations original mission is replaced by a previous subordinate, but initially complementing goal. Example: football. Sports takes over academic mission |
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Term
| 7 problems of bureaucracy |
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Definition
1. Oligarchy: tendency for an elite to dominate an organization and use it for self-promotion. Reward supports and punish adversaries.
2. Ritualism: Workers develop a “trained incapacity” to deal with special cases and other “indeterminate tasks.” Not rewarded for going out of way for completing non-routine jobs. Example: financial aid office. “Not my job, your problem.”
3. Distorted communication: use of acronyms and argot – distorted info flows up and down hierarchy. Tell people in charge what they want to hear, not the truth
4. Group think: pressure to conform organizational policies and rituals. Results in premature consensus. Example: bay of pigs invasion of Cuba
5. Peter Principle: workers rise to their highest level of incompetency. More power at top of hierarchy, so ambitious people try to move up by kissing ass. May not have leadership skills or qualifications
6. Parkinson’s Law: work expands to fill the time allocated for its completion. Leading to domain creation, expansion and territoriality
7. Goal Displacement: organizations original mission is replaced by a previous subordinate, but initially complementing goal. Example: football. Sports takes over academic mission |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for an elite to dominate an organization and use it for self-promotion. Reward supports and punish adversaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Workers develop a “trained incapacity” to deal with special cases and other “indeterminate tasks.” Not rewarded for going out of way for completing non-routine jobs. Example: financial aid office. “Not my job, your problem.” |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. : use of acronyms and argot – distorted info flows up and down hierarchy. Tell people in charge what they want to hear, not the truth |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure to conform organizational policies and rituals. Results in premature consensus. Example: bay of pigs invasion of Cuba |
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Term
|
Definition
| workers rise to their highest level of incompetency. More power at top of hierarchy, so ambitious people try to move up by kissing ass. May not have leadership skills or qualifications |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. : work expands to fill the time allocated for its completion. Leading to domain creation, expansion and territoriality |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. organizations original mission is replaced by a previous subordinate, but initially complementing goal. Example: football. Sports takes over academic mission |
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Term
| Durkheim: Functionalist Perspective: What does he say about morals? |
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Definition
-State = moral agency, representing a moral consensus in society
-morals = foundation of laws |
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Term
| Durkheim: Functionalist Perspective: Social order is only possible when... |
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Definition
human nature is constrained
humans are selfish, pleasure-seeking, free will, avoid pain |
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Term
| Durkheim: Functionalist Perspective: What does he say about guilds? |
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Definition
they promote ORGANIC SOLIDARITY that provides foundation of modern societies
Organic solidarity = cooperation of elements in society |
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Term
| Durkheim: Functionalist Perspective: What does he fail to recognize? |
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Definition
| that moral order can be manipulated by people in positions of power |
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Term
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Definition
1. Status is the most important dimension of stratification
2. status is determined by moral evaluation of others
3. moral evaluation is based on common value system
4. People who best live up to society's values receive higher status
5. Income + wealth are a function of status
--wealthy have highest status, because they best live up to values + morals |
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Term
| Lynd: Conflict perspective |
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Definition
Study of stratification in Indiana
Community power vs inequality. |
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Term
| Broom & Cushing: Executive income is NOT related to... |
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Definition
1. Functional importance of position
2. performance as measured by corporation profit
3. functional importance of their product or service to society
--incomes higher in tobacco + entertainment industry than in healthcare |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that a society must be understood with a focus on the underlying material conditions (level and type of technology, etc) and how these material conditions have shaped society |
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Term
substructure
vs
superstructure |
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Definition
substructure: Marxian theory of the underlying economic base of the society,which shapes other aspects of society
superstructure: Marxian theory referring to aspects of societies (such as political systems, family system, religion) that are shaped by the economic substructure of the society |
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Term
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Definition
| the overall set of economic factors within the Marxian concept of subculture |
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Term
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Definition
| type of technology used to produce goods (agrarian, hunting and gathering, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
the human relationships within a given mode of production
dominance and submission between workers and authorities
ownership and distribution of goods and products in society |
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Term
|
Definition
production is performed collectively in large factories
private ownership of means of production remains, inequality of distribution of wealth and income remains |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| continuous vs discontinuous class rankings |
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Definition
continuous: classes should be on a scale from high to low. difficult to determine class boundaries
discontinuous: fewer class divisions, with distinct boundaries. |
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Term
| Functionalists' assumptions about nature of society |
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Definition
1. society is a living organism with interdependent parts
2. stability is maintained through Dynamic Equilibrium
3. value and consensus are society's major bonds
4. social inequality is inevitable
5. rewards must be unequally distributed to match scarce talents with positions
4. |
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Term
| central premise of sociology (durkheim) |
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Definition
| human behavior is shaped by social facts (properties of group life that exist outside the individual and act as a constrain on their behavior--social structure, culture, social processes, etc). |
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Term
|
Definition
1. normative ambiguity
2. absence of relative rules
3. cultural incongruity -- 2 or more norms that are contradictory
4. lack of consensus regarding interpretation of values and norms |
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Term
| Durkheim's 3 assumptions about the state acting as a moral agency |
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Definition
1. social order is only possible when human nature is restrained
2. morality is the ultimate source of social order
3. guilds promote social solidarity |
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Term
| Parsons: All societies must solve problems of... (4) |
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Definition
1. adaptation to the environment
2. goal attainment
3. integration
4. latent pattern maintenance |
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Term
| Parson's theory of stratification is based on these 5 assumptions.... |
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Definition
1. status is the most important stratification dimension
2. status is determined by the evaluation of others
3. moral evaluation is made in terms of a common value system
4. people who best live up to society's values receive higher status
5. income and wealth are a function of status |
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Term
| According to Parsons, when does society become dysfunctional? |
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Definition
| when status, wealth, and authority is distributed according to other criteria other than merit |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that the economic order provides the foundation for all of society's other institutions, which in turn, reflect their economic foundation |
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Term
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Definition
| human beings are worth more than property |
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Term
| Dialectic Philosophy (marx) |
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Definition
| views change as a product of contradictions and conflict between various elements in society |
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Term
| Marx's Dialectical Process (3) |
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Definition
1. thesis
2. antithesis
3. eventual thesis |
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Term
| Calvin's theory of alienation |
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Definition
almost everyone was damned to eternal hell, because man had become alienated from his maker
Original sin -> alienation from God -> Damnation |
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Term
| Hegel's theory of alienation |
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Definition
| alienated man is a man that's existence has separated from his essence. |
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