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| The scientific discipline that attempts to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. |
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| The process by which someone's expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of those expectations. |
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| A symbol using social being who can reflect on his or her own behavior. |
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| The tendency to take credit for positive outcomes but deny responsibilities for negative outcomes in our lives. |
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| An important perspective in social psychology that emphasizes the combined effects of both the person and the situation on human behavior. |
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| The ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about our social world. |
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| Theories of social cognition that describe two basic ways of thinking about social stimuli, one involving automatic, effortless thinking and the other involving more deliberate; effortful thinking. |
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| Deliberate judgements or decisions of which we are consciously aware. |
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| Judgements or decisions that are under the control of automatically activated evaluations occuring without our awareness. |
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| The total lifestyle of a people, including all the ideas, symbols, preferences, and material objects they share. |
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| A philosophy of life stressing the priority of individual needs over group needs, a preference for loosely knit social relationships, and a desire to be relatively autonomous of others influence. |
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| A philosophy of life stressing the priority of group needs more over individual needs, a preference for tightly knit social relationships, and a willingness to submit to the influence of one's group. |
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| An approach to psychology based on the principle of natural selection. |
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| The biochemical units of inheritance for all living organisms. |
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| The process by which organisms with inherited traits best suited to the environment reproduce more successfully than less well-adapted organisms over a number of generations, and a process which leads to evolutionary changes. |
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| The genetic changes that occur in a species over generations due to natural selection |
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| The biological status of being male or female. |
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| The meaning that societies and individuals attach to being female and male. |
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| The study of the relationship between neural processes of the brain and social processes. |
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| The wrinkle-looking outer layer of the brain that coordinates and integrates all other brain areas into a fully functioning unit, that is the brain's "thinking" center, and that is much larger in humans than in other animals. |
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| The region of the cerebral cortex situated just behind the forehead that is involved in the coordination of movements and higher mental processes, such as planning, social skills, and abstract thinkng. This is the area of the brain that is the originator of self processes. |
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| An approach to psychology that studies ways to enrich human expierences and maximize human functioning. |
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| A set of procedures used to gather, analyze, and interpret information in a way that reduces error and leads to dependable generalizations. |
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| Research design to increase knowledge about social behavior. |
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| Research desinged to increase the understanding of and solutions to real world problems by using current social psychological knowledge. |
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| An organized system of ideas that seek to explain why two or more events are related. |
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| An educated guess or prediction about nature of things based upon a theory. |
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| Factors in scientific research that can be measured and that are capable of changing (or varying) |
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| A very clear description of how a varible in a study has been measured. |
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| A methodological technique in which the researcher misinfomrs participants about the true nature of what they are experiencing in a study. |
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| A trained member of the research team who follows a script designed to create a specific impression on the research participant. |
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| Institutional Review Boards (IRB) |
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| A panel of scientists and nonscientists who ensure the protection and welfare of research participants by formally reviewing researcher's methodologies and procedures prior to data collection. |
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| A procedure by which people freely choose to participate in a study only after they are told about activities they will perform |
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| A procedure at the conclusion of a research sessions in which participants are given full information about the nature and hypotheses of the study |
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| A group of people who are selected to participate in a research study |
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| All the members of an indentifiable group from which the sample is drawn |
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| Repeating a study's scientific procedures using different participants in an attempt to duplicate the findings. |
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| The use of statistical techniques to summarize results from similiar studies on a specific topic to estimate the reliability and overall size of the effect |
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| A scientific method involving systematic qualitative and /or quantitative description of behavior. |
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| A descriptive scientific method that investigates behavior in its natural environment. |
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| A descriptive scientific method where a group is studied from within a researcher who records behavior as it occurs in its usual natural environment. |
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| Occurs when preconceived ideas held by the researcher affect the nature of the observations made. |
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| A descriptive scientific method in which already existing records are examined. |
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| Research designed to examine the nature of the relationship betwen two or more naturally occuring variables. |
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| Structural sets of questions or statements given to a group of people to measure their attitudes, beliefs,values, or behaviroal tendencies. |
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| A procedure for selecting a sample of people to study in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen. |
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| A type of response bias in surveys in which people respond to a question by trying to portray themselves in a favorable light rather than responding in an accurate and truthful manner. |
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| A statistical measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables, which can range from -1.00 to +1.00.. |
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| Research designed to test cause-effect relationship betwen variables. |
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| The experimental variable that the researcher manipulates |
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| The experimental variable that is measured because it is believed to depend on the manipulated changes in the independent variable. |
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| The extent to which a study's findings can be generalized to people beyond those in the study itself. |
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| The extent to which cause and effect conclusions can validly be made in a study |
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| An experimental result that occurs when two independent varibles in combination have different effects on the dependent variable when alone. |
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| Placement of research participants into experimental conditions in a manner that gurantess that all have an equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variable |
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| Implicit Association Test(IAT) |
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| A technique for measuring implicit attitudes and beliefs based on the idea that people will give faster responses to presented concepts that are more strongly associated with memory. |
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| A symbol-using social being who can reflect on his/her behavior |
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| The sum total of a person's thoughts and feelings that defines the self as an object. |
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| A person's evaluation of his or her self-concept |
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| A psychological state in which one takes oneself as an object of attention. |
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| The habitual tendency to engage in self-awareness |
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| The ways in which people control and direct their own actions |
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| Control Theory of self-regulation |
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| A theory contending that, through self-awareness, people compare their behavior to a standard, and if there is discrepancy, they work to reduce it. |
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| Discrepancies between our self-concept and how we would ideally like to be (ideal self) or believe others think we should be (ought self) |
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| Multiple self-aspect framework |
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| A theory that describes self-concept as a collection of multiple self-aspects that organize and guide a person's behavior when they are activated in specific situations. |
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| A way of conceiving the self in termsof unique, personal attributes and as a being that is seperate and autonomous from the group. |
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| A way of conceiving the self in terms of social roles and as a being that is embedded in and dependent on the group. |
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| The process by which biculturalists switch between different culturalyl appropriate behaviors depending on the context. |
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| The identification of oneself as a male or female |
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| Aspects of a person's self-concepts based on his or her group memberships |
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| An individual's sense of personal identification with a particular ethnic group |
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| Strategic self-presentation |
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| Conscious and deliberate efforts to shape other people's impression in order to gain power, influence, sympathy, or approval. |
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| Actions that people take to sabotage their performance and enhance their opportunity to excuse anticipated failure. |
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| The tendency to use cues from other people's self-presentations in controlling one's own self-presentations |
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| A person's evaluation of his or her self-concept |
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| The process of seeking out and interpreting situations so as to attain a poistive view of oneself |
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| The process of seeking out and interpreting situation so as to confirm one's self-concept |
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| A person's conscious and deliberate evaluation of his or her self-concept |
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| A person's unintentional, and perhaps unconscious, evaluation of his or her self-concept |
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| Self-evaluation maintenance model |
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| A theory predicting under what conditions people are likely to react to the success of others with either pride or jealousy |
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