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Definition
Cant have emotion w/o physiological arousal, emotion is just a word describing a physiological pattern, each emotion is unique
stimulus-->
physiological response-->
emotion |
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Definition
Stimulus triggers a phsiological arousal as well as an emotion at the same time
stimulus-->
physiological arousal AND emotion |
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Definition
Two factor theory: stimulus causes a physiological response and a cognitive label which is interpreted as an emotion
stimulus-->
physiological response and cognitive label-->
emotion |
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Definition
| behavior INTENDED to harm another individual |
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Definition
| Violence: extreme acts of aggression (e.g., shooting, killing another person) |
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| Anger: strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury (e.g., baseball player cursing and smashing his bat after striking out) |
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| Hostility: negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group (e.g., honking driver after being cut-off by another person) |
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Definition
when you misattribute physical responses to feelings of love
aka sturdy vs swaying bridge study |
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| less attractive to others but more attractive to the subject |
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| sterbergs triangular theory of love |
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Definition
liking/intimacy
companionate/intimacy/commitment
empty love/commitment
fatuous love/commitment/passion
infatuation/passion
romantic love/passion/intimacy
consumate love=all three |
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| commitment/passion/intimacy over time |
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Definition
passion:spikes at beginning, falls to low level
intimacy:rises quickly at first and then rises slower
commitment:low at first and then rises |
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| repeated exposure leads to a greater ilking |
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Definition
| there are costs and rewards in all relationships, people assess their relationships based on the costs and rewards compared to the costs and rewards of other relationships |
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Definition
| people are motivated to have fairness of costs and benefits in their relationships |
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Definition
| direct competition between two members of the same sex to members of the opposite sex |
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Definition
| people search for partners who are different from and complement their own traits |
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| belief that attractive people have other great qualities |
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| “Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self”Altruistic: Values, Community Concern |
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Definition
Egoistic: Understanding, Personal Development, Esteem Enhancement
Those motivated egoistically voluntter longer |
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| people are more likely to help (innocent victims)(people who have brought something upon themselves) |
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Definition
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| (women)(men) are more likely to be helped by strangers |
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Definition
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| people are more likely to help (others who are more similar to themselves)(those who differ from them) |
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Definition
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| people more likely to help others if there are not other people around to help |
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Term
| you are more likely to be helped by others if |
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Definition
You are an innocent victim
You are a woman
You are similar to the potential helpers
There are few people present
You are in a rural area (in the book- you are welcome )
The perceived cost to the potential help is low
The potential helper is in a good mood |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 0 |
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Definition
step 0:emergency!
distraction (stop fooling around we are here to eat)
self-concerns (im late) |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 1 |
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Definition
step 1:notice that something is happening
ambiguity(is she sick or just drunk?)
relationship between attacker and victim (is that her mother?)
pluralistic ignorance (noone else is worried...) |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 2 |
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Definition
interpret event as an emergency
diffusion of responsibility (theres other ppl to help) |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 3 |
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Definition
take responsibility for providing help
lack of competence (im not trained to do this) |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 4 |
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Definition
decide how to help
costs exceed rewards(i dont want to get sued)
audience inhibition (ill look stupid) |
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Term
| latene and darley review step 5 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When most people in a situation are actually in agreement but everyone feels that they are in the minority |
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Term
| You are more likely to receive help if (you call someone specific out to help you) (you call on noone specific) |
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Definition
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| You are more likely to receive help if (it is)(it is not) perfectly clear that you are in need of help |
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| A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on an easy task, but impairs performance on difficult tasks. |
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| why mere exposure happens |
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Definition
| Mere Exposure: The mere presence of others makes us more alert, which increases arousal. |
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Definition
| Distraction Conflict: Being aware of another person’s presence creates a conflict between paying attention to that person and paying attention to the task at hand; this attentional conflict creates arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluation Apprehension: Knowing that others have the ability to evaluate you creates arousal. |
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Definition
| The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored |
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Definition
| when split into groups sharing attitudes, your attitude grows stronger |
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Term
| persuasive arguments theory |
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Definition
| When in a group people hear more arguments, which makes initial attitudes more extreme |
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Definition
| When in a group, people compare themselves to others and perceive more extreme norms for the group (for example, by thinking that everyone else has a more extreme position than they initially had) |
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Definition
| a kind of faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus |
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Term
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Definition
Illusion of invulnerability
Collective rationalization
Belief in inherent morality
Stereotyped views of out-groups
Direct pressure on dissenters
Self-censorship
Illusion of unanimity
Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ |
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| illusion of invulnerability |
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Definition
| Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks. |
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Term
| collection rationalization |
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Definition
| Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions. |
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| belief in inherent morality |
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Definition
| Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions. |
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| stereotyped views of outgroups |
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Definition
| Negative views of “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary |
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| direct pressure on dissenters |
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Definition
| Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views. |
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Definition
| Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed |
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Definition
| The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous |
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| self-appointed mindguards |
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Definition
| Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions |
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Definition
| Affective response toward a certain group and its individual members (can be + or -) |
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Definition
| Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group |
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| Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups (can be + or -) |
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Definition
| prejudice+discrimination+stereotypes |
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Definition
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Definition
| both negative and positive feelings |
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Definition
| subjectively favorable feelings |
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Term
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Definition
Acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected
Performance improved for students told they were superior |
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Term
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Definition
A person’s self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which he/she belongs
Students in the “superior” group showed high self-esteem
Student in the “inferior” group felt bad about themselves |
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Term
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Definition
An erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are in fact not related
You can easily pick out things that make it seem as though the “inferior” group is actually inferior |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out-groups than for in-groups
Over-generalization |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
Attributing others actions to internal characteristics
Blame poor performance on stupidity |
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Term
milgrams variations:
Proximity of “learner” to “teacher” |
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Definition
| When participants were closer to the person they were shocking the amount that they shocked with DECREASED |
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Term
milgrams variations:
remote feedback of learner |
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Definition
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Term
milgrams variations:
absent experimenter |
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Definition
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milgrams variations:
contradictory experimenters |
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Definition
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Definition
| Behavior change produced by the commands of authority |
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Definition
| Tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms |
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Definition
| Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments |
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Definition
| Change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others |
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Definition
| Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant |
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Definition
| Superficial change in overt behavior, without a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real or imagined group pressure |
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Definition
| Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests |
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Definition
| Involving perceptions of which behaviors that are typically performed. What is DONE in a given situation. |
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Definition
| Involving perceptions of which behaviors are typically approved or disapproved. What OUGHT TO BE DONE in a given situation |
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Term
| (decriptive)(injunctive)norms are more affective in changing behaviors |
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Definition
| descriptive because injunctive often shows people doing the wrong thing (the wrong descriptive norm) and people recieve the message that they arent the only ones doing the wrong thing |
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Term
| foot in the door technique |
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Definition
| A person who first agrees to a small request is more likely to later agree to a larger, related request. |
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Term
| door in the face technique |
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Definition
| A person who first agrees to a large request is more likely to later agree to a smaller, related request. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where a somewhat inflated request is immediately followed by a decrease in the size of the request through an offer of a discount or bonus |
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Term
| implicit association tests measure |
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Definition
| Strength of associations between concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive dissonance (an aversive emotional state) occurs when there are inconsistencies between a person’s thoughts, sentiments, and actions. |
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Term
| people are motivated to reduce dissonance by... |
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Definition
| People are motivated to reduce dissonance and usually do so by changing their thoughts as this is easier to do than changing one’s actions. |
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Term
| necessary conditions for dissonance |
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Definition
Behavior must be freely chosen
(The individuals were not forced to lie)
Must have insufficient justification
(This is why dissonance did NOT occur for individuals who were paid $20 to lie)
Behavior must have some negative consequences (can be small)
(Negative consequences were that your lie influenced someone else’s expectations of the task)
Negative consequences must be foreseeable
Pre-existing belief must be clear and consistent
(There was no ambiguity that the task was very boring) |
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Definition
| The belief that people come to know their own attitudes by looking outward at their behavior and then inferring what their attitudes must be. |
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Definition
Engaging in behavior for a reward or fear of punishment
can sometimes limit productivity |
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Definition
| Engaging in behavior because of interest and enjoyment |
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Term
| affective component of attitudes |
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Definition
| an emotional response that expresses an individual's degree of preference for an entity |
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Term
| behavioral component of attitudes |
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Definition
| a verbal indication or typical behavioral tendency of an individual |
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Term
| cognitive component of attitudes |
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Definition
| a cognitive evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's beliefs about the object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central route processes are those that require a great deal of thought, and therefore are likely to predominate under conditions that promote high elaboration. Central route processes involve careful scrutiny of a persuasive communication (e.g., a speech, an advertisement, etc.) to determine the merits of the arguments |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral route processes, on the other hand, do not involve elaboration of the message through extensive cognitive processing of the merits of the actual argument presented. These processes often rely on environmental characteristics of the message, like the perceived credibility of the source, quality of the way in which it is presented, the attractiveness of the source, or the catchy slogan that contains the message. |
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Term
| choice between peripheral or central routes |
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Definition
| the personal relevance of the message topic, accountability, and a person's "need for cognition" (their innate desire to enjoy thinking). Ability factors include the availability of cognitive resources (e.g., the presence or absence of time pressures or distractions) or relevant knowledge needed to carefully scrutinize the arguments. |
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