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| What is Social Psychology? |
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Definition
| the study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors related to social situations |
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| Social situations can be _____ or _______. |
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Definition
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| Focuses on how SOCIAL SITUATIONS can influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of an INDIVIDUAL |
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| Focuses on how differences between individuals influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
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| Focuses on behavior of communities and groups, not individuals |
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Definition
Factors in the immediate situation that influence thoughts, feelings, or behavior
ex: Social Norms of the situation, current thoughts or feelings, other people present in the situation |
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Factors that are not immediately present that can influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Ex: cultural upbringing, evolutionary universals |
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| Factor 1: Power of the Situation |
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Definition
the situation can often determine behavior despite individual differences
ex: Milgram's Experiment |
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| Factor 2: Situations go unnoticed |
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Definition
often the influences of situational factors aren't fully recognized
- channel factors and fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| small situational factors can have large influences on behavior by guiding behavior in a particular direction |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate the role of personality ( or perceived personality) and to underestimate the role of situations when explaining other people's behavior. |
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| Factor 3: The Role of Construal |
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| Interpretation and inferences made about a stimulous or situation |
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Definition
- active process
- subjective, not objective
- may misrepresent the truth |
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| Construal can govern behavior |
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Definition
how we interpret a situation will influence how we act in that situation
ex: community game vs. wall street game |
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| Rational decision = defect |
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Definition
Trope and Liberman
(will learn more later) |
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Term
| Factor 4: Automatic and Controlled Processing |
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Definition
- 2 systems in which social information can be processed:
1) automatic processing: automatic, involuntary, and unconscious; often based on emotional responses
2) Controlled Processing: Conscious, systematic, and deliberate; overrides and monitors automatic responses |
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Unconscious influences occur without awareness
ex: muscular feedback/old-word priming |
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the tendency to estimate an event more likely when its probability is presented as a ratio between large numbers, and less likely when its probability is presented as a ratio between small numbers.
ex: Jar = 1/10 or 10/100 |
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| Factor 5: Evolution and Behavior |
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Definition
Evolutionary theory may explain many human behaviors
- natural selection (plants and animals = survival and reproduction)
- "Social Contract Theory" |
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Definition
| performance can be dramatically improved when participants are being cued into the perspective of "cheaters detector"in social exchange situations |
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| Factor 6: Social Neuroscience |
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Definition
- how changed in brain activity influence social behavior
- cognition and emotion = activate different parts of the brain
- Brain influences on development of social behavior: areas of the brain linked to sensing danger - poor until mid - 20's ==> why teens engage in more risky behavior. |
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| Factor 7: Culture and Human Behavior |
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Definition
Culture differences in self- definiton
- Independent vs. Interdependent Cultures
- Individualism vs. Collectivism |
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| Independent (individualistic) cultures |
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Definition
- think of self as distinct social entity
- ties to others are voluntary
- view personal attributes as constant |
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Term
| Individualism is more common in ______ cultures |
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Definition
- Western (Europe, US, Canada, Australia)
- important attributes linked to the self
- value individual distinction |
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Term
| If someone is ____ rewarded for a boring activity, they enjoy it less, but find justification for it |
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Definition
not
(ex. of cognitive dissonance) |
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Term
| what does social psychology explain/do? |
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Definition
| explains surprising behaviors, reveals our wrong perceptions ( our "blind spots"), power of the situation (unaware factors influence our behaviors). |
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Definition
| tendency to be overconfident about one's ability to have predicted a given outcome after already knowing the outcome ---> "I knew it"/ "that was so obvious". |
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| Hindsight Bias Experiment |
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Definition
probability of what will happen on Nixon's Trip to China
-results: after the trip, the participants remembered giving higher probabilities of the outcome than they really had. |
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Definition
1. Observational Research
2. Archival Research
3. Surveys
4. Correlational Research*
5. Experimental Research* |
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| observing people in social situations, systematically record behaviors, interviews and questionnaires. |
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| analyzing social behaviors documented in past records, test theories about social behavior (North vs. South) |
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| sample bias = limit results/ unbiased sample = accurate about population |
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Definition
Examines the relationship between variables without assigning participants to different situations or conditions. ---> cannot be manipulated by researcher, just measured ---> corrleation does not equal causation
- limitations: a third variable may cause correlation between A & B; self-selection - participants determines the level of the variable being studied. |
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Definition
| assigning participants to different situations or conditions; RANDOM ASSIGNMENT = VERY IMPORTANT. |
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