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| certain situational circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface but that can have great consequences for behavior, either facilitating or blocking it of guiding behavior in a particular direction |
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| interpretation and inference about the stimuli or situations we confront |
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| internal factors, such as beliefs, values, personality traits, or abilities, that guide a person's behavior |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, together with the tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions or traits on behaviors |
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| German word for "form" or "figure;" this approach stresses the fact that objects are perceived not by means of some automatic registering device but by active, usually unconscious, interpretation of what the object represents as a whole |
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| independent (individualistic) culture |
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| cultures in which people to think of themselves as distinct social entities, tied to each other by voluntary bonds of affection and organizational memberships but essentially separate from other people and having attributes that exist in the absence of any connection to others |
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| interdependent (collectivistic) culture |
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| cultures in which people tend to define themselves as part of a collective, inextricably tied to others in their group and having relatively little individual freedom or personal control over their lives but not necessarily wanting or needing these things |
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| the claim that the way things are is the way they should be |
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| an evolutionary process that molds animals and plants such that traits that enhance the probability of survival and reproduction are passed on the subsequent generations |
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| the evolutionary principle that costs and benefits are associated with reproduction and the nurturing of offspring. Because these costs and benefits are different for males and females, one sex will normally value and invest more in each child than will other sex |
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| a situation involving payoffs to two people in which trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and defection. The game gets its name from the dilemma that would confront two criminals who were involved in a crime together and are being held and questioned separately. Each must decide whether to "cooperate" and stick with a prearranged alibi or "defect" and confess to the crime in the hope of a lenient treatment |
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| generalized knowledge about the physical and social world and how the behave in particular situations and with different kinds of people |
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| the scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations |
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| schemas that we have for people of various kinds that can be applied to judgments about people and decisions about how to interact with them |
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| the understanding that other people have beliefs and desires |
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