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| science concerned with solving some real-world problem of importance |
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| science is concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world |
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| a condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable |
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| research in which there is not random assignment to different situations, or conditions, and from which psychologists can just see whether or not there is a relationship between the variables |
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| in preliminary versions of an experiment, asking participants straightforwardly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so forth. In later versions, debriefing are used to educate participants about the questions being studied |
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| research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them |
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| in experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated) and that is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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| in social psychology, research in which people are randomly assigned to different conditions, or situations, and from which it is possible to make very strong inferences about how these different conditions affect people's behavior |
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| an experimental setup that closely resembles real-life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such situations |
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| an experiment set up in the real world, usually with participants who are not aware that they in a study of any kind |
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| people's tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome |
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| in experimental research, the variable that is manipulated and that is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome |
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| participants' willingness to participants in a procedure or research study after learning all relevant aspects about the procedure or study |
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| institutional review board (IRB) |
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| a university that examines research proposals and makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of research |
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| in experimental research, confidence that it is the manipulated variable only that could have produced the results |
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| efforts to change people's behavior |
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| a study conducted over a long period of time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior |
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| the correlational between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict |
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| naturally occurring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions |
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| assigning participants in experimental research to different groups randomly, such that they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another |
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| the degree to which the particular way we measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results |
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| a problem that arises when the participant, rather than the investigator selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make casual interpretation of relationship difficult |
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