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Social Psychology
David G. Myers ch. 6, 7, 8, 15
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/09/2009

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Cards

Term
Conformity
Definition
a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure.
Term
Conformity
Definition
how we conform our behavior to how others feel.
Term
compliance
Definition
middle area.  You are asked and feel pressured to say yes. (but privately you disagree)
Term
obedience
Definition

right side.

acting in accord with a direct order or command.

Term
Obedience
Definition
acting in accord with a direct order or command. a subset of compliance.
Term
acceptance
Definition
believing as well as acting in accord with social pressure.
Term
autokinetic phenomenon
Definition
a light appeared to move but didn't.  People tested alone conformed to the group norm for how much it moved.
Term
asch's studies on group pressure
Definition
33% of people would conform and agree the wrong line was the longest.
Term
Milgrim Experiment
Definition

65 percent went all the way to 450 Volts. 63% of men and 73% of men would go all the way. no educational differences. victim: as proximity increased, obedience decreased. Experimenter: as proximity increased, obedience increased. even if a confederate quits, others don't.

 

Term
Milgrim Experiment
Definition

switched things up.  teacher heard student say "slight heart condition"

63% complied.

Term
Institutional Authority
Definition

"i have a heart condition" dropped from 65 to 48 percent.

authorities backed by institutions wield social power.

 

Term
Liberating effects of group influence
Definition
Milgrim studies- participants stopped when their confederates stopped. 90% of the time.
Term
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
Good people sometimes do bad things.
Term
Normative Influence
Definition

"going along with the crowd" to avoid rejection, to stay in people's good graces, or to gain their approval. leads to public conformity 

Springs from desire to be liked.

Term
Informational Influence
Definition

Conformity to obtain important information.

springs from desire to be right. leads to private conformity

Term
Reactance
Definition
act to protect their sense of freedom.  like dropping pencils. Or underage drinking. or having a sudden urge to juggle machetes.
Term
Central route to persuasion
Definition
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
Term
peripheral route to persuassion.
Definition
focusing on cues that trigger acceptance without much thinking.  Incidental cues.  like the speaker's attractiveness.
Term
Weapons of influence
Definition

1. reciprocation

2. commitment and consistency

3. social validation

4. liking

5. authority

Term
Reciprocation
Definition

W.O.I.

Give something, get something.

Term
Commitment and Consistency
Definition

woi

say yes once... say it again later.

Foot in the door.

little sign, big sign.

Lowball technique.

Term
Foot in the door
Definition

Little sign, big sign

consistency

Term
low ball technique
Definition

withdraw original offer.

Consistency

Term
Social validation
Definition

Tapping tip jar.

not sure what to do...

look for social proof.

Make it look like everyone's doing it.

Term
Liking
Definition

familiar others

similar others

physical attractiveness

complimentary others

Term
authority
Definition

Virgil- "follow an expert"

uninformed people told a guy needs a dime.

Term
Scarcity
Definition

woi

Rarity

 

Term
Credibility
Definition

believability

communicator percieved as expert and trustworthy.

Term
sleep effect
Definition

forget the source of communication.

"smell is a powerful memory trigger"

Term
effective ads
Definition
arouse fear and offer solution.
Term
2-sided appeals
Definition
aknowledge other side, but still make request. good if people are aware of opposing arguments
Term
1-sided appeal
Definition
effective with those that already agree.
Term
Media Influence
Definition
Those who we get our influence from, get their influence from the media. It is these people the media wishes to appeal to.
Term
adolescent and early-adult experiences.
Definition
make deep and lasting experiences.
Term
Forwarned.
Definition
do not budge in their opinions.
Term
Distraction
Definition
disarms counterarguing
Term
uninvolved audiences
Definition
use peripheral cues
Term
stimulated thinking makes strong messages more persuasive and weak messages less persuassive.
Definition
Term
attitude inoculation
Definition
exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.
Term
group
Definition
2 or more interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us."
Term
group influence
Definition
how thoughts/feeling differ in a social environment.
Term
a collective
Definition

co-acting; no sense of "us"

like in an airplane.

Term
co-actors
Definition
co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition

1) original meaning: simple tasks performed better in presense of others.

2) dominant  response strengthens in the presense of others.

Term
Mere Presence
Definition
cockroaches perform better in front of other cockroaches.
Term
Evaluation apprehension
Definition

concern for how others are evaluating us.

people perform best when their co-actor is slightly superior.

arousal lessons when a high-status group is diluted.

Term
distraction/conflict
Definition
do better/worse because you're distracted.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
less effort in a group setting
Term
social compensation
Definition

work hard to make up for others.

hurts brainstorming.

Term
de-individualism
Definition
loss of self awareness
Term
Group Think Symptons
Definition

Overestimate their group's might and right: illusion of invulnerability

inherently morality

 

closed minded: rationalization

stereotypes of outsiders

 

pressures toward uniformity:

conformity pressure

self censorship

direct pressure

mind guarding- discouraging others to express true beliefs

illusion of unanimity- group is about agreeing

Term
group think remedies
Definition

open climate

avoid insulation

each member told to critic

avoid being too directive

 

be impartial

encourage critical evaulation

occassionally subdivide the group, then reunite

welcome critiques from outside

call a "second chance" meeting

Term
deindividuation
Definition

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

downloading music

 

Term
informational influence
Definition
results  from accepting evidence about reality.
Term
social comparison
Definition
evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others.
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding.
Term
criminal court
Definition

accused by society

convicted beyond reasonable doubt

Term
civil court
Definition

injury to another person

breach contract

monetary values on everything

who's responsible?

Term
eyewitness testimonies.
Definition

those that pay attention to details are less likely to have paid attention to the culprit's face.

74 percent sure; 54 percent correct.

not 100% foolproof

cross-race identification bias

weapon focus effect

misinformation effect

mugshot induced bias

relationship between confidence and accuracy is zero.

Term
misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it.
Term
correct interviewing
Definition

50% more accurate

let them say everything.

jog memory.

go back to crime scene.

place cashier in place.

Term
minimize false lineup indentifications
Definition

screen out mistakers

show each suspect individually.

say they may or may not be in the lineup.

weed out people just guessing.

 

Term
influences on eyewitness testimony
Definition

question wording

lineup instructions

confidence malleability

mug-shot-induced bias

postevent information

attitudes and expectations

cross-race bias

accuracy versus confidence

Term
the defendant's characteristics
Definition

physical attractiveness- beautiful people seem like good people.

similarity to the jurors- more simpathetic.

 

Term
reactance relating to judge
Definition
Judge's order to ignore testimony can in affect add to the testimony's impact.
Term
Jury Selection
Definition
Jury can be stacked scientifically to be biased one way or another... but its not proven. just effective.
Term
death qualified jurors
Definition
more likely to put someone to death.  more concerned with crime control than due process of law.
Term
Public conformity
Definition
go along to get along
Term
private conformity
Definition
adapt to environment
acting+belieiving in behavior
acceptance.
look to everyone else.
internalization.
Term
Door in the face technique
Definition
ask big, retreat to something smaller
Term
Message learning approach
Definition
attention->comprehension->recall-> act (persuasion occurs).
from comprehension, we elaborate.
and then yield to the message.
Term
Elaboration-likelihood model of attitude change.
Definition
Central processing or peripherally
Term
2 key attributes of persuader
Definition
Credibility and likability
Term
Cross-race identification bias
Definition
we are better at identifying people of our own race.
Term
Yerkes-Dodson Function
Definition
there is a point when it is difficult to recall. peak perfomance at top of arch. performance vs. stress
Term
Weapon focus effect
Definition
weapon draws away attention from details.
people who pay attention to details don't notice other things.
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
memory is a reconstruction of events.
get witness ifnormation asap before its tampered.
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
memory is a reconstruction of events.
get witness ifnormation asap before its tampered.
Term
mugshot induced bias
Definition
if a mugshot is shown previous to line up, that mugshot is likely to be identified as the culprit.
Term
confidence and accuracy
Definition
relationship is zero
Term
credibility: 5 factors
Definition
1. opportunity to view
2. attention
3. description accuracy
4. length of retnetion interval
5. confidence
Term
high levels of stress
Definition
makes an event feel like forever
Term
how to reduce error in lineup
Definition
make each an individual decision... avoids comparison. tell the people the suspect may or may not be in the line-up. weep out people just guessing. give a fake line up.
Term
expert witness
Definition
provides info for jury. ultimate issue- testimony is not happening.
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