Term
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Definition
Our thoughts and beliefs about ourself, including: -Self Concept:our knowledge about who we are) and -Self-Awareness: the act of thinking about ourselves (thinking focused inward) |
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Term
Self-Schema (self-reference effect) |
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Definition
- Schema of the self
- example: Self-Reference Effect:tendency of people to remember information better when they relate it to themselves. (application papers)
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Term
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Definition
- Function: Executive.
- The self regulates people's behavior, choices, and plans for the future.
- ex - that's why people say we shouldn't give ourselves too many things to do at one time. The self can only handle so much, and we cannot over-exert.
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Term
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Definition
Process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings and motives. One basis of self-knowledge. Leads to self-awareness, which then leads to more introspection. They go hand in hand. |
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Term
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Definition
- If a discrepancy exists between behaviors and internal guidelines, we assess ourselves.
- if it's easy to change the behavior, then we change it,
- if not, we try to escape self-awareness by focusing or attention outwards. This can be positive (religion) or negative (drugs)
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Term
Consequences of self-awareness |
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Definition
Leads to more accurate introspection Leads to an overestimation to the degree to which external events revolve around self (Lindsey and her glasses - think anchoring heuristic: using self as anchor and moving outwards) |
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Term
Limitations to introspection |
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Definition
Study by ▫Csikzentmihalyi & Figurski (1992) We really don't introspect as much as we think we do. We are often unaware of our limitations, even though we don't realize this. |
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Term
Introspecting about reasons |
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Definition
- With some things, the more you think about why you like it, the less you actually like it.
- Reason-generated attitude change: attitude change resulting from thinking about reasons for one's attitudes.
- the reasons that are easy to generate may not be your true feeings. ex - why do you like the color red?
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Term
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Definition
We learn about our own attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to others. We compare ourselves to people who are similar to us, and there are two types: |
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Term
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Definition
Comparing ourselves to people who are better than us in a certain way. goal: want to learn about ourselves and find ways to improve. |
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Term
Downward Social Comparison |
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Definition
Comparing ourselves to people who are worse at something than we are. goal: to feel better about ourselves. |
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Term
When are we likely to engage in social comparison? |
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Definition
1. When there are no objective standards for behavior. 2. When we experience uncertainty about ourselves. |
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Term
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory |
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Definition
- Predicts how we will react to the success or failure of others.
- Assumption: self-esteem is main motive
- Reaction depends on:
- degree of psychologial closeness with the person
- importance of the domain to our self-concept
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Term
Comparison Effect (Self-Evaluation maintanence theory) |
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Definition
If the trait/ability is something that's important to our sense of self: - If we are better than them and...
- They succeed: we are happy
- If we are worse than them and...
- They succeed: we are threatened
- They fail: we are happy
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Term
What do we do when we don't stack up? (Self evaluation maintenance theory) |
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Definition
- Distance ourselves from that person
- Change our self-concept (not really my thing anyway)
- Try to improve our performance
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Term
Reflection effect (Self-Evaluation maintenance theory) |
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Definition
When the domain is not important to our self concept but we are close to that person. If the other person fails, we are disappointed. If the other person succeeds, we are happy for them (BIRGing-Basking in Reflected Glory) - celeb connections
- UNC Bball. more people wear Carolina blue after a win, refer to team as "we" rather than "they"
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Term
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Definition
Creating a certain impression that fits your goals Self-presentation: how we convey ourselves to others. - can be verbal or non-verbal
- 3 strategies
- Self-enhancement-flattering myself
- Ingratiation-flattering other people (makes me look good)
- Self-handicapping
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Term
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Definition
When we engage in actions that produce obstacles to success so that... - If we fail, we have an excuse
- If we succeed, we look even better. (like augmentation principle)
Types of self-handicapping - Behavioral-when we actually engage in the behavior
- Self-Reported - when we just say we engaged in behavior but didn't really
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Term
Social Identity Theory & 3 assumptions |
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Definition
Part of our self concept is derived from our group membership 3 assumptions: - Categorization: we automatically categorize people into our "in-group" or our "out-group".Why? It's quit and easy; we can apply shcemas and heuristics
- Self-esteem: we identify with social groups to enhance self-esteem.
- In-group evaluation: we favor in-group over out-group. Attribution for in-groups is positive (internal), attribution for out-groups is negative (external). For out groups it's the opposite.
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Term
Introspecting about reasons Wilson et. al 1993 |
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Definition
Participants asked to choose which poster they like better (Kitty or Monet) and half have to give reasons why they like it. About a month later participants asked if they still like their choice. People who weren't asked to list reasons liked it more. *thinking about reasons may lead to inaccuarte conclusion on what you really like. |
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Term
Introspecting about reasons: The incfluence of Subjective experience Schwartz et. al 1991 |
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Definition
Participants asked to list either 6 or 12 examples of times they have behaved assertively. Ones who gave 6 thought they were more assertive. (relates back to availability heuristic) |
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Term
"Telling more than we can know" Nisbet and Wilson (1997) |
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Definition
One of most famous articles of social psyc. Participants presented with 4 pairs of nylon stockings, to choose one and state why. Results: all stockings were the same, but everyone chose pair to the far right. Just because of location. |
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Term
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Definition
Bem (1972) - When we are uncertain of our own attitudes/feelings, we infer these states by obsering our behavior and situation it occurs in
- How? 3 steps
- we observe our behavior
- generate explanations for it
- infer internal feelings/attitudes
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Term
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Definition
If you reward a child for reading by giving them a dollar, if you stop giving them the reward they'll stop reading bc they start to think they only read bc of the reward. |
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Term
Intrinsic Motivation (overjustification effect) |
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Definition
the desire to engage in an activity bc we enjoy it or find it interesting. |
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Term
Extrinsic motivation (overjustification effect) |
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Definition
the desire to engage in an activity bc of external rewards or pressures |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, resulting in an underestimation of intrinsic motivation. *think: person perception: The discounting principle-if someone was going somewhere anyway and gives you a ride, we generally discount behavior |
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Term
Self-perception of emotions Two factor theory - Stanley Schachter '64 |
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Definition
For recognizing your emotions: Step 1: Physiological arousal - tells us that an emotion is being experiened
Step 2: Assignment of a cognitive label (figure out why) *we often go wrong-esp. thinking people are attractive just because we are physiologically aroused |
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Term
Misattribution of arousal Dutton and Aron '74 |
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Definition
"Bridge Study" - woman approach men after they cross scary suspension bridge.
- men who she approaches right after they cross are moe likely to ask her out on a date bc they are more physiologically aroused.
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Term
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Definition
feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that threatens our self image (inconsistent with our beliefs) Dissonance is motivating because it threatens our self-esteem |
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Term
2 reasons why we feel dissonant |
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Definition
- Need to feel consistent:
- Original theory - Festinger
- Arises from holding two or more inconsistent cognitions
- Need to maintain self-esteem
- Modern theories
- Arises from performing an aciton that is discrepant from one's positive self-concept
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Term
3 ways to reduce dissonance |
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Definition
- change our behavior (hard)
- change our cognitions (easy)
- add consonant cognitions (smoking is bad for your health but it helps me calm my nerves)
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Term
4 factors effecting dissonance |
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Definition
- Degree of choice - we feel dissonance if performed action is of own volition
- Irrevocability - if we can't take it back
- Valence of outcome - if behavior has negative consequences
- Forseeability of outcome - if we could have predicted bad outcome, more dissonance
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Term
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Definition
Feelings of dissonance after a decision has been made (a behavioral choice)
*do not confuse with buyer's remorse (or reason generated attitude change), because with post decision dissonance we actually come to like the item we chose more Brehm '56 - women choosing household item, like one they take home more, even though they rated it the same before.
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Term
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Definition
We like things that we worked hard for ex-pledging for a frat Aronson & Mills - Lets Talk About Sex -ppl that had to work hard to get to go to a lecture about sex liked the lecture more. |
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Term
Insufficient Justification (aka counterattitudinal advocacy) |
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Definition
having a lack of incentive for performing a counter-attitudinal behavior causes us to amend our original attitude (at least temporarily)
Festinger & Carlsmith - Peg turning (video) -counterattitudinal behavior=lying to next participant. -those who didn't have a good enough reason to do it ($$) were more likely to say the liked the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
If we harm someone, we grow to like them less. If we help someone, we grow to like them more (Ben Franklin effect). **decreases dissonance** |
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Term
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Definition
An evaluation, positive or negative, or people, ideas, or objects ABC Model: Affective (prejudice) - learning
Behavioral (discrimination) - self-perception theory
Cognitive (stereotype) - weighing pros and cons
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Dissonance Persuasion - (Yale Attitude Change Approach) Depends on... - Who: Source of Communication
- What: Nature of communication (two-sided, primacy effect vs. recency effect)
- Whom: Nature of audience (distracted, moderate self-esteem, age 18-25)
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Term
Elaboration Liklihood Model (ELM) Petty and Cacioppo |
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Definition
2 routes: - Central - controlled thinking (produces more enduring attitude change). involves personal relevance, need for cognition, cognitive resources
- Peripheral - automatic thinking
think: study about end of school exams. 1 year or 10 years from now, argument strength, prestige of speaker |
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Term
Cognitively vs. affectively based attitudes |
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Definition
Cognitively based - utilitarian products (TV, lawn mower) Affectively based - social identity products (perfume, clothes) |
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Term
More products are bought if... |
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Definition
- close to check out
- contain words like new, easy
- bundle price-2 for 1
- eye level
- ads contain animals, babies,
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Term
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Definition
not as effective as straight forward advertising |
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Term
Attitude Inoculation (Resisting Persuasion) |
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Definition
People can better resist persuasion if they have been exposed to mild amounts of persuasion before recieving actual request when you know people are trying to persuade you, you're more resistent Avoid reactance - people often more likely to perform behavior that they know they aren't supposed to do |
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Term
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Definition
when you tell someone not to do something, they are more likely to do it. Pennebaker & Sanders - Bathroom: "Do not write on walls for any reason" vs "please do not write on walls" more graffiti for former |
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Term
Which attitudes predict behavior? |
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Definition
-stable, strong attitudes -important attitudes -easily accesed attitudes -attitudes formed through experience -when specific attitudes are measured |
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Term
LaPierre Study Asians in Restaurants |
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Definition
even though they said they wouldn't accept Chinese ppl later, they did at the time. |
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Term
Davidson and Jaccard BC pills, famous study |
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Definition
[image][image][image]the more specific the BC taking was, the more correlated the attitude-behavior was. |
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Term
Prejudice, discrimination, stereotype which is hardest to change? |
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Definition
prejudice-bc its based on feelings (affective)
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Term
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Definition
- Learning
- Social cognition (how stereotypes are formed and maintained)
- Social norms (institutionalized racism, modern racism)
- Economic competition
- Realistic Conflict Theory: idea that there are limited resources leads to more conflict between groups/prejudice
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Term
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Definition
Contact theory jigsaw classroom |
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Term
How are stereotypes formed ? |
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Definition
Social Identity Theory Assumptions: - Categorization: automatic. grouping people based on certain characteristics
- Self-esteem: we like in-group better bc that makes us feel good
- Group-serving bias:
- In-group favoritism
- Assumed similarity effect
- Out-group homogeneity effect
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Term
How are stereotypes maintained? |
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Definition
- illusory correlation
- Confirmatory hypothesis testing
- bball player Flick. If black, better at bball. If white, smarter about game.
- self-fulfilling prophesy
- white and black job interviews
- Subtyping
- Attributions
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Term
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Definition
- creating smaller subcategories of a schema in order to maintain an existing stereotype
- "exceptions to the rule"
- May result in stengthening of exsiting stereotype (if your belief is challenged, you tend to come up with more reasons to defend it)
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Term
Dissociation Model 2 step model of cognitive processes of stereotypes |
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Definition
- Stereotype is triggered - automatic
- Decision is made to accept/reject stereotype - controlled
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Term
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Definition
Succesful way to reduce prejudice - mutual interdependence
- common goal
- equal status
- informal interpersonal contact
- multiple contacts
- social norms
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