Term
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Definition
| a change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| the influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action |
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Term
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Definition
| conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine beliefthat what they are doing or syaing is right |
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Term
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Definition
| conforming to other peopl's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence in a group of people of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily in private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that conforming to social influence depends on the group's importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group |
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Term
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Definition
| the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the group |
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Term
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Definition
| the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority |
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Term
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Definition
| people's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others |
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Term
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Definition
| people's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other |
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Term
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Definition
| shared expectation in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave |
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Term
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Definition
| Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd) |
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Term
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Definition
| any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more imprtant than considering he facts in a realistic manner |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them |
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Term
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Definition
| leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals |
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Term
| Contingency Theory of Leadership |
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Definition
| the idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group |
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Term
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Definition
| a leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers' feelings and relationships |
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Term
| Relationship-Oriented Leader |
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Definition
| a leader who is concerned more with workers' feelings and relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on previous trial |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-oofs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends |
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Term
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Definition
| the finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it |
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Term
| Evolutionary Approach to Mate Selection |
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Definition
| a theory derived from evolutionary biology that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximizes their chances of reporductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fufillment and ecstacy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair |
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Term
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Definition
| the expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primay caregiver when they were infants |
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Term
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Definition
| an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked |
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Term
| Avoidant Attachment Style |
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Definition
| an attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find is difficult to develop intimate relationships |
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Term
| Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style |
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Definition
| an attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that peolle's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship |
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Term
| Comparison Level for Alternatives |
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Definition
| people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal |
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Term
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Definition
| relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e. for an equal ratio of rewards and costs) |
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Term
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Definition
| relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs |
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