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Social Psychology Chapter 7
Book: Baumeister, Professor: Starnes
28
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
06/09/2009

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Term
beliefs
Definition
pieces of information about something; facts or opinions
Term
attitudes
Definition
global evaluations toward some object or issue
Term
dual attitudes
Definition
different evaluations of the same attitude object, implicit versus explicit
Term
implicit attitudes
Definition
automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses
Term
explicit attitudes
Definition
controlled and conscious evaluative responses
Term
stigma
Definition
an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus (e.g., meat powder) that naturally evokes a particular response (salivation)
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
a naturally occurring response (e.g., salivation)
Term
neutral stimulus
Definition
a stimulus (e.g., Pavlov's bell) that initially evokes no response
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response
Term
conditioned response
Definition
a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus
Term
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
Definition
a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished
Term
social learning (observational learning, vicarious conditioning)
Definition
a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them
Term
attitude polarization
Definition
the finding that people's attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them
Term
balance theory (P-O-X theory)
Definition
the idea that relationships among one person (P), the other person (O), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced
Term
sentiment relationships
Definition
in P-O-X theory, relationships that involve attitudes or evaluations
Term
unit relationships
Definition
in P-O-X theory, relationships that involve belongingness
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes
Term
effort justification
Definition
the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves it is worthwhile
Term
accessibility
Definition
how easily something comes to mind
Term
A-B problem
Definition
the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited
Term
coping
Definition
the general term for how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life
Term
assumptive worlds
Definition
the view that people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality
Term
cognitive coping
Definition
the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes
Term
downward comparison
Definition
comparing oneself to people who are worse off
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