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| Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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| The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
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| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
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| The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
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| The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them |
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Term
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis: |
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Definition
| The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain |
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| he qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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Definition
Ingroup: The group with which an individual identifies as a member
Outgroup: Any group with which an individual does not identify |
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| Negative-State Relief Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress |
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Term
| Urban Overload Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help |
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Definition
| Bystanders’ assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
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| Research related to KIN SELECTION |
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Definition
| people help people that are related to them more than others |
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Term
Simon (1990)
Learning social norms + evolution |
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Definition
| those who are the best learners of societal norms have a competitive advantage. Thus people are genetically programmed to learn social norms and one of these norms is altruism. |
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Term
| 3 ways that helping others can be rewarding |
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Definition
1. it can increase the probability that someone will help us in return in the future
2. it can relieve the personal distress of the bystander
3. it can gain us social approval and increased self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
thinks that people only help others out of the goodness of their own hearts
He argues that pure altruism is most likely to come into play when we experience empathy for the person in need
empathy-altruism hypothesis states that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help purely for altruistic reasons |
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Term
Toi and Batson (1982)
Empathy + helping: broken leg, need help in class |
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Definition
| students listened to a taped interview with a student who had ostensibly broken both legs in an accident and was behind in classes. Two factors were manipulated: empathetic vs. non-empathetic set, manipulated by instructions given to Ss; and the costs of helping, manipulated by whether or not the injured student was expected to be seen every day once she returned to class. The dependent variable was whether Ss responded to a request to help the injured student catch up in class. As the empathy-altruism hypothesis predicted, people in the high-empathy condition helped regardless of cost, while those in the low-empathy condition helped only if the cost of not helping was high |
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Term
Eagly and Crowley (1986)
Differences in ways that men and women help others |
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Definition
| men are more likely to help in chivalrous, heroic ways, and women are more likely to help in nurturant ways involving long-term commitment. |
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Term
Isen and Levin (1972)
find dime vs not found
help vs not help |
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Definition
| where Ss either found or did not find a dime in a phone booth. As the person emerged from the booth, a confederate walked by and dropped a sheaf of papers; 84% of those who found the dime helped, compared with 4% of those who did not find the dime. |
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Term
North, Tarrang, & Hargreaves (2004)
Mood + helping others |
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Definition
| people are more likely to help others when in a good mood for a number of other reasons, including doing well on a test, receiving a gift, thinking happy thoughts, and listening to pleasant music |
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Term
| 3 Reasons why being in a good mood increases prosocial behavior |
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Definition
1. good moods make us interpret events in a sympathetic way
2. helping another prolongs the good mood, whereas not helping deflates it
3. good moods increase self-attention, and this in turn leads us to be more likely to behave according to our values and beliefs (which tend to favor altruism). |
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Term
Negative-State Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good
Harris et al. (1975)
Confession at church + helping others |
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Definition
When people feel guilty, they are more likely to help.
churchgoers were more likely to donate money before, rather than after, confession (while still feeling guilty as opposed to after feeling their guilt absolved). |
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Term
effect of residential mobility on prosocial behavior
Oishi et al. (2006)
Continuous work with 1 group vs switching groups |
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Definition
People who have lived in one place for a long time are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors.
participants who had worked with a group member on four tasks were more likely to help a struggling group member than those who had switched to a new group after each task. |
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Term
| Bystander effect + case study with man having seizure |
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Definition
| participants sat in separate booths and communicated over an intercom. As they listened, one of the other participants ostensibly had a seizure. The experimenters manipulated how many other participants the subject believed there were. The more other people the Ss believed were present, the less likely they were to help and the slower they were to do so |
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Term
| 5 step description of how people decide whether to help in an emergency |
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Definition
1. Notice that event has occurred
2. Interpreting an Event as an Emergency
3. Assuming responsibility
4. Knowing how to help
5. Deciding to implement the help |
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Term
Darley and Batson (1973)
Seminary students that were in a hurry + trying to help |
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Definition
| showed that seminary students who were in a hurry to give a sermon on campus were much less likely to help an ostensibly injured confederate groaning in a doorway than were those who were not in a hurry. They also found that helping was not predicted by personality scores or by the topic of the sermon (half were about to lecture on the parable of the Good Samaritan). |
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Term
pluralistic ignorance + knowing whether a situation is an emergency
Latané and Darley (1970) |
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Definition
people look to see others’ reactions (informational influence); when they see that everyone else has a blank expression, they assume there must be no danger.
where Ss were sitting in a room when white smoke began pouring out of a vent. The more other participants there were in the room, the less likely anyone was to seek help and the longer they took to do so. For ambiguous events, then, people in groups will gain false reassurance from each other and convince each other that nothing is wrong. |
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Term
Markey (2000)
chat room help: address people by name vs ask group |
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Definition
| examined helping in an Internet chat room situation; when the chat-room group as a whole was asked to provide some information about finding profiles, the larger the group, the longer it took for anyone to help. However, when a specific person was addressed by name, that person helped quickly, regardless of group size. |
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Term
| Communal vs Exchange relationships |
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Definition
Communal: which people’s primary concern is with the welfare of the other
Exchange: governed by equity concerns |
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Term
Increasing the Likelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene - know barriers that prevent people from helping
Beaman et al. (1978) |
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Definition
| had students listen either to a lecture about Latané and Darley’s work or to one about an unrelated topic; two weeks later, in a different context, they encountered a student lying on the floor while a confederate lounged by, apparently unconcerned. Those who had heard the bystander intervention lecture were more likely to help. |
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Term
| Overjustification effect + volunteering |
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Definition
| that those who volunteer for a requirement will be less likely to see their helping as intrinsically motivated and may volunteer less in the future |
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Term
| 4 things people like most about others |
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Definition
1. those with beliefs and interests similar to ours
2. those who have some skills, abilities, or competencies
3. those with some pleasant or admirable qualities
4. those who like them in return |
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Term
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Definition
| if people cause harm to a person, they justify the harm by saying that they deserve it. derogotate the victim |
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