Term
| 3 Stages of Eyewitnessing |
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Definition
1. Acquisition
2. Storage
3. Retrieval |
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Term
| 5 Stage Model of Helping Behavior |
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Definition
Stage 1: Noticing
Stage 2: Interpretation
Stage 3: Assuming Responsibility
Stage 4: Knowing HOW to Help
Stage 5: Deciding to Implement Help |
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Term
| ABC's of Intergroup Relationships |
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Definition
Affective = Prejudice
Behavioral = Discrimination
Cognitive = Generalization |
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Term
| Acquisition (Eyewitness Process) |
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Definition
Arousal is key. Events that are highly arousing (crimes) tend to have a narrowing effect on attentional focus.
Many details of a crime scene are simply not processed |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior intended to harm another person who does not to be harmed. Not including accidents.
(comes from emotions, thoughts, wishes, and desires) |
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Term
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Definition
Socialization of aggression varies across cultures, even w/in some nations
South: herders, easily stolen, independent
North: farmers, not easily stolen, cooperation community |
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Term
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Definition
| an act that benefits another person, where the ultimate goal is to increase their welfare. |
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Term
| Altruism and Evolution Theory |
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Definition
Survival of the Fittest
-Kin Selection
-Norm of Reciprocity
-The Ability to Learn & Follow Social Norm (including altruism) |
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Term
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Definition
| The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations. |
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Term
| Altruistic Personality Test |
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Definition
| Ppl with high scores aren't any more likely to help than those with lower scores. |
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Term
Attractiveness & Helping
(Study) |
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Definition
We help close relatives, ppl who are similar to us, and attractive ppl.
-Subjs participants found completed grad school app & stamped/addressed envelope in phone booth w/ pic attached.
-97% get mailed if attractive
-35% get mailed if not attractive |
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Term
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Definition
-Women led to believe they broke a camera (guilt condition)
-Another shopper walks by and spills candy
-60% in guilt condition helped vs. 15% in control group
-Good deeds cancel out bad deeds
-Helping improves bad mood |
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Term
| Batson's Empathy Altruism Study |
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Definition
IVs:easy/difficult escape & hi/lo empathy (read bio to make learner seem more/less like them)
Women observe learner (confed) get shocked 2x. Learner mentions traumatic experience with shock as a child.
DV= % willing to switch w/ learner
SET says you'll switch to escape watching or leave if possible
Emp-Alt says if you feel empathy, you'll help either way, even if you are able to leave. No empathy felt, SET takes over. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive stereotypical views (good cook, want to protect ppl when they don't need protection) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place. |
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Term
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Definition
-Crises & Catastrophes (weather, terrorism, accidents)
-Major Life Events (spouse death, vacation, moving, rape, change in finances)
-Daily Hassles (crowding & noise)
Accumulation of daily hassles contribute more to illness than do major life events |
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Term
| Conditions for Contact Hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Equal Status
2. Friendly, informal setting
3. Interaction w/ multiple members of other group
4. Social Norm of Equality (Authority needs to support contact.)
5. Mutual Interdependence
6. A Common Subordinate Goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture where there is emphasis put on honor and status, particularly for males, and aggression plays a role in protecting honor |
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Term
Devine's Dissociation Model
(Study) |
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Definition
Study 1: Asked hi & lo prej ppl to list black stereotypes; both had same knowledge of stereotypes
Study 2: Primed w/ either black stereotype words or neutral words and read a paragraph about Donald who does ambiguously aggressive things. Rated how much they like him; both hi & lo prej ppl liked him less after being primed w/ black stereotype words. Auto-Activation
Study 3: Asked to anon list thoughts of blacks.Lo prej listed more pos thoughts & hi prej listed more neg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unwarranted hostile behavior toward a member of a group based solely on their membership in that group |
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Term
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Definition
We all know the stereotypes, but only some people endorse them.
Our stereotypes are automatically applied to targets. But if ppl are MOTIVATED and ABLE, to suppress stereotype, it is possible.
Lo prej ppl have conscious control of cultural stereotypes. |
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Term
| Drawback of Problem-focused Coping |
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Definition
| Can cause problems if it leads to over-controlling behavior. |
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Term
| Effects of Being Stereotyped |
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Definition
-lower self-esteem
-stereotypes are abusive when the distribution overlap is ignored
-stereotype threat |
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Term
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Definition
Efforts to manage emotional reactions to a stressful situation rather than trying to change situation.
-Suppressing emotion has neg consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking the perspective of another person & experiencing events & emotions the way that person experiences them |
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Term
| Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Pure altruism does exist, but only when we face empathy towards the person in need. |
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Term
| External Rewards of Helping |
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Definition
| Get something from others. (Ex: improve corporate images) |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Aggression |
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Definition
Gender
Culture
Viewing Violence
Other Situational Factors |
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Term
| Factors Leading to Wrongful Conviction |
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Definition
Eyewitness Misidentification
Improper Forensics.
False Convictions
Informants |
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Term
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Definition
Typed word at fast/slow pace; told not to touch ALT or program would crash. Experimenter accuses subj of pressing ALT; 1/2 confeds reports seeing subj do it.
Who confessed/internalized & kept quiet
No witness slow: 37%/0%
No witness fast: 65%/< 20%
witness slow: 85%/42%
witness fast: 95%/60%
Showing ppl false evidence affects whether or not they think they did it. |
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Term
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Definition
| generalization about a group in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members in the group, regardless of actual differences |
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Term
Good Mood & Helping
(Study) |
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Definition
Good Mood Leads to Helping b/c:
1. more empathy/sympathy
2. maintain good mood
3. increased self-attention
Study:
-Ppl use a payphone & find a dime or dont
-Confed walks by & drops papers
-10% no dime help
-85% dime help |
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Term
| Helping & Empathy Study (Batson) |
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Definition
Girl's parents died and needs money for siblings. Subjs asked to help by writing letters.
IV1: feedback on improvement or none
IV2: lo emp or hi emp (experimenter reads bio that makes her seem more like subj)
-F&H = .57
-F&L = .65
-NF&H = .81
-NF&L = .32 |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression stemming from feeling of anger & aimed at inflicting pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Women are inferior to men. |
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Term
| Hostile sexism vs.Benevolent Sexism |
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Definition
| Both are damaging b/c they're limiting. |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to believe that there is a relationship between events that are actually unrelated
-Can lead ppl to overestimate the likelihood that racial minorities will commit crimes b/c both are rare. |
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Term
Inaccuracy of Eyewitness Testimony
(Study) |
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Definition
77,000 ppl/yr are charged solely on the basis of eyewitness accounts
Study: Staged assault of professor in front of class. 7 weeks later students picked assailant from 6 photos.50%+ chose wrong person |
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Term
Inadmissible Evidence
(Study) |
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Definition
When judges tell jurors to ignore biasing info, jurors' minds enter a state of hyperaccessibilty and the biasing info is more salient than before.
Study: Group 1 heard weak evidence, Group 2 heard evidence & incriminating phone call made by defendant, Group 3 heard evidence & call but told to ignore call.
No phone call = 0% found guilty
Call & evidence = 26% found guilty
Told to ignore = 34% |
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Term
| Institutionalized Racism or SSexism |
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Definition
| Racist or Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
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Term
| Internal Rewards of Helping |
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Definition
| Make self feel better. (Ex: decrease stress, enhance self-esteem) |
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Term
| Issues w/ Lineup Identification |
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Definition
Making suspect's mugshot distinct
Not telling witness that suspect may not actually be in lineup
Mugshots presented simultaneously so that witness compares them to each other instead of to his/her memory |
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Term
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Definition
Classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem of kids by placing them in small desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the others to learn the course material.
Successful b/c:
-Breaks down in-group vs. out-group and creates oneness
-Working cooperatively encourages empathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection. (Darwin) |
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Term
| Linguistic Intergroup Bias |
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Definition
Describing stereotypical behavior with abstract language rather than concrete
"He shoved him" Concrete/Behavioral
"He is violent" Abstract/Dispositional |
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Term
| Measure of Social Support |
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Definition
1. # of Social Contacts
2. Intimacy of Social Contacts
3. Perceived Availability of Social Contacts |
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Term
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Definition
Aggression produces injury
Interpret ambiguous situations a aggressive
Admit to aggression |
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Term
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Definition
-Subjs assigned to groups based on meaningless or trivial info.
-Given option to help either in-group or out-group members
-Subjs spontaneously favor in-group members. |
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Term
Misinformation Effect
(Study) |
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Definition
People incorporate misleading info into their memory of an event (suggestive questions)
-Kids were asked by same adult once a week for 10 weeks "Can you remember going to the hospital w/ a mousetrap on your finger?"
-When a new adult asked in the 11th week, 58% of kids produced false, detailed stories |
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Term
Misinterpretation of Behavior
1976 Duncan Study |
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Definition
Ambiguos behavior interpreted as stereotype-consistent behavior
shover was white: 13% labeled as violent
shover was black: 73% labeled as violent |
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Term
| No Gender Differences in... |
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Definition
anonymous aggression.
aggression following provocation. |
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Term
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Definition
| People should only help when others deserve assistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| We are expected to help those who help us. |
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Term
| Norm of Social Responsibility |
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Definition
| We are expected to help those who need our assistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| College students wrote about a traumatic or trivial event. Students who opened up reported less illnesses vs. those who didn't open up. |
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Term
| Out-group Homogeneity Effect |
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Definition
| tendency to believe that member of the out-group are more similar than members of the in-group; easier to spot differences among in-group members b/c of more opportunity to interact with them |
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Term
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Definition
| People are better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races. |
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Term
| Perception of Control & Stress (Study) |
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Definition
Same event is less stressful when one believes that they are in control.
Students work on task fro 1 hour in a room that is crowded, noncrowded or crowded w/ option to leave (PoC). DV = # of attempts to solve puzzle task.
Noncrowded: 25+ attempts, 27 errors
Crowded w/ PoC: 20-25, 33 errors
Crowded: 15 attempts, 47 errors |
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Term
| Physiological Effects of Stress |
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Definition
Negative feeling and beliefs that occur whenever people feel unable to cope w/ demands from the environment
Effects:
-adrenaline enters bloodstream & creates arousal
-increased HR, blood pressure, & breathing
-prolonged stress compromises the immune system |
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Term
| Pos and Neg effects of Stereotype Threat on Performance |
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Definition
Asian Women took math test
-Condition 1: asked ?s to make Asian identity salient
-Condition 2: asked ?s to make female identity salient
-Condition 3: control; ?s about tv
-Condition 1 did best, Control got next highest correct, Condition 2 did worst |
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Term
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Definition
| Hostile/Neg attitude toward members of a specific group, based solely on their membership in that group |
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Term
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Definition
| Effort to reduce stress by overcoming the source of the problem |
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Term
| Process That Maintain Stereotypes |
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Definition
Misinterpretation of Behavior
Subtyping
Sself-fulfilling Prophecies |
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Term
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Definition
| Any act that benefits another person. |
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Term
| Prosocial Behavior: Men vs. Women |
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Definition
Men: more chivalrous & heroic
Women: nuturant, caring, & value long-term relationships |
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Term
| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| Competition (real/imagined) for limited resources leads to conflict between groups, and results in prejudice |
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Term
Reappraisal
(Emotion-Focused Coping) |
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Definition
Changing the way you think about a situation in order to feel less emotion.
-Reduces subjective feelings of emotion without neg physiological consequences
-Has to be done before you feel the emotion |
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Term
| Reducing Errors w/ Eyewitness Retrieval |
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Definition
Keep questions free of assumptions.
Remind witness that culprit may not be in lineup.
Use sequential lineups, not simultaneous lineups. |
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Term
| Rural vs. Urban & Aggression |
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Definition
People in rural areas are more likely to help bc:
Rural residences have internalized importance of helping
Urban Overload: ppl living in cities are bombarded w/ stimulation & they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals, when unhappy or frustrated, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless. |
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Term
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
(Word, Zanna, Cooper '74 Study) |
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Definition
Phase 1: Participants interviewed either black or white confeds. Interviewer sat farther away from blacks.White interviews longer. More speech errors in black interviews.
Phase 2: All white. Subjs either treated as black or white interviewees. Did better when treated white, more pos demeanor, and fewer speech errors. |
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Term
Similarity & Helping
(Study) |
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Definition
Subjs were more likely to give confed a dime for a phone call if confed was dressed like them
-2/3 help when confed is similar
-1/2 help when diff |
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Term
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Definition
| People will be motivated to help others only if the rewards outweigh the costs |
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Term
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Definition
Seeing the groups we belong to as bette make sus feel better about ourselves
To achieve this we:
1. Categorize ppl into groups
2. Identify w/ certain groups (in-groups) & not others (out-groups)
3. Enhance our own group or derogate others, or both |
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Term
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Definition
The perception that others are responsive and receptive to one's needs.
-Ppl w/ social support networks are healthier physically & psychologically
-Boosts confidence, self-esteem, & sense of security
-Allows you to open up & sort out probs
-Provides new perspective, advice, & info for prob-solving (reinforces other coping methods) |
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Term
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Definition
| Noticing: You have to notice something happened. |
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Term
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Definition
Interpretation: To help you must interpret even as an emergency in which help is needed.
-When you think an emergency might have occurred, you calmly look for other's reactions while they're doing the same to you; thus ppl assume there is no emergency.
-Smoke Under Door Study: 75% got help when alone; 35% got help if in group (3-person group moved faster) |
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Term
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Definition
Assuming Responsibility: You need to decide whether or not you are responsible for providing help.
-Seizure/Intercom Study
-Participants hear female experimenter in next room fall off chair and cry out in pain
-70% helped if alone
-40% helped when in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowing HOW to Help: You will only provide help if you know what to do and feel that you can actually do it. |
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Term
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Definition
Deciding to Implement Help: You have to decide if you WANT to help
Factors: cost/benefit, empathy, normative pressures, reciprocity, audience inhibition |
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Term
Stereotype Reduction Through Education
(Study) |
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Definition
Subjs take test. 3 groups:
-"problem solving"
-"math test"
-"math test" + educated about stereotype threat
-“prob solving” did best, “math+edu” did a little less good, “math test” did worst |
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Term
| Stereotype Reduction Through Self-Affirmation (Study) |
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Definition
3 groups of women take test:
-“reasoning probs”
-“math intelligence test”
-“math intelligence" + affirmation
-Reasoning & math+affirm were equal and better than math intelligence test |
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Term
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Definition
| Apprehension experienced by members of stereotyped group when they feel like their behavior might be interpreted as stereotype-consistent |
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Term
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Definition
| Apprehension experienced by members of a stigmatized group that feels that their behavior might be interpreted as stereotype-consistent. |
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Term
| Stereotype Threat Studies |
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Definition
Steele&Aronson:
-Whts & Blks got items from verbal GRE
-When told it was a prob solving task, blks&whts did the same.
-When told it was an intelligence test, whts did the same, but blks performed worse.
Spencer:
-Men & Women took math tests
-Some told there was a gender diff when it came to math, some weren't.
-No gen diff: did same
-Gen diff: Men did even better, women did way worse |
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Term
| Subtle Prejudiced Behavior Study |
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Definition
Tested white subjs for willingness to help someone working on scrabble task.
Partner is black/white, deserving/undeserving.
DV: giving letters to help.
Deserving blks&whts were about equally helped (If they don't help they look like a jerk)
Undeserving whites received help more than 1/2 the time blacks did. (He's undeserving and he's black, so I dont have to help. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to label stereotype-inconsistent individuals as exceptions to the rule rather than changing the stereotype |
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Term
| Suppressing Emotion Study |
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Definition
Subjs viewed disgusting films and asked to either watch naturally or suppress emotion and facial expressions
-Those who suppressed:less disgusted facial expression, same experience of disgust, higher physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that promoting or facing contact between groups will lead to prejudice reduction. |
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Term
| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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Definition
| Tendency to make dispositional/internal attributions for entire groups |
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Term
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Definition
| An extreme act of aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness's ability to identify the culprit. |
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Term
| When are people most likely to help? |
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Definition
| People are more likely to help if others are helping |
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Term
| Why Innocent People Confess |
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Definition
Pressured to escape a bad situation
Internalization: led to believe they are guilty |
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Term
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Definition
Social norms that tell us we ought to help:
Norm of Reciprocity
Norm of Social Responsibility
Norm of Justice |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect/Relational Aggresion |
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