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social psych
exam 1
95
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/02/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
The self
Definition
a fundamental part of every human, a symbolic construct which reflects our consciousness of our own identity
Term
Self awareness
Definition
a psychological state in which people are aware of their traits, feelings and behaviors. The realization of oneself as an individual entity-- learned not born with
Term
Anterior cingulated
Definition
- an area of the frontal lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain thought to be responsible for monitoring and controlling intentional behavior – although its not likely that just one part of the brain is responsible its shown to be important
Term
Private self-awareness
Definition
when an individual temporarily becomes aware of private, personal aspects of the self – ex. Looking in a mirror – 3 consequences for how people act
Term
Intensified emotional response
Definition
- when people feel positive and think about those feelings they continue to feel very positive but when people are upset they continue to dwell on being upset which can lead to being depressed
Term
Clarification of knowledge-
Definition
by focusing on internal events individuals are able to repot them with greater accuracy
Term
Adhere to personal standards of behavior
Definition
as they are more aware of their true beliefs they will act in line with those beliefs rather than being influenced by normative pressures
Term
Public self-awareness
Definition
when a person is aware of public aspects of themselves that can be seen and evaluated by others – ex. When they are watched by others
Term
Evaluation apprehension
Definition
people are the focus of others attention they realize they are being appraised by those observers adherence to social
Term
Social standards of behavior
Definition
people who are aware of the perceptions of others
Term
Private self-consciousness
Definition
people who are high in it experience chronically heightened private self-awareness- experience more intense emotions, more likely to remain true to their personal beliefs and have more accurate self perceptions
Term
public self-consciousness
Definition
people who are high in it are particularly concerned with how they are perceived by those around them- more concerned with their own physical appearance- more likely to judge others based on their physical appearance
Term
schema
Definition
how all the knowledge we have about the world is stored- cognitive structures that represent the knowledge we have about a particular concept or type of stimulus
Term
a self schema
Definition
reflects how we expect ourselves to think, feel and behave in a particular situation – a self schema consists of our perception of our self and incorporates our experience no this dimension
Term
self schematic
Definition
if an aspect of the self is perceived as particularly important, if the person thinks they are extreme on that dimension and if they are certain that the opposite is not true for them
Term
control theory of self-regulation
Definition
a cognitive feedback loop which illustrates four steps involved in self regulation: test, operate, test and exit
Term
self-discrepancy theory
Definition
the awareness of discrepancies between actual and ideal identity, but also on peoples emotional response to such discrepancies
Term
social comparison theory
Definition
we learn how to define the self by comparing ourselves with those around us – it argues that beliefs, feelings and behaviors are subjective they are in isolation simply the product of our own ruminations – no objective benchmark against which we can compare them
Term
self-evaluation maintenance model
Definition
what we do when we are faced with someone whose success has implications for our own self-esteem
Term
social reflection
Definition
when we derive our self-esteem for the accomplishments of those who are close to us, without considering our own achievement in that domain
Term
upward social comparison
Definition
comparing our own achievements with the achievements of the target person
Term
social identity theory
Definition
can be divided into those that reflect our personal identity and those that reflect our social identity
Term
personal identities
Definition
those that reflect idiosyncratic aspects of the self, such as personality traits
Term
social identity
Definition
reflects the broader social groups to which we belong -- each social identity is associated with a range of attributes that characterize the prototypical group member
Term
group norms
Definition
a collection of shared beliefs about how group members should think and behave
Term
self-categorization theory
Definition
focuses on the set of group norms that define collective identities
Term
depersonalized
Definition
the perception of themselves or others when an individuals social identity becomes salient
Term
meta-contrast principle
Definition
exaggerate similarities within the group and differences with other groups
Term
self- esteem
Definition
subjective appraisal of themselves as intrinsically positive or negative and can have significant implications for psychological functioning
Term
narcissistic
Definition
individuals who respond with aggression to an ego-threat—they tend to have extremely high self-esteem believing that they are somehow special and superior to others but at the same time, their self-esteem is unstable
Term
self- assessment
Definition
a desire to know who we truly are, regardless of whether the truth is positive or negative
Term
self- verification
Definition
we want to confirm what we already believe to be true about our self-concept, even if we see ourselves in a negative light
Term
self- enhancement
Definition
a desire to seek out information about ourselves that allows us to see the self in a positive light—appears to be the most powerful self-motive
Term
self- affirmation theory
Definition
when self-esteem has been damaged or threatened in some way, people often compensate by focusing on and publicly affirmation positive aspects of themselves, thereby allowing them to maintain a positive self- concept
Term
self
Definition
serving attribution bias- making attributions about themselves on the basis of their behavior
Term
successful
Definition
self enhancing bias, attributing our success to internal characteristics
Term
fail
Definition
we tend to show a self-protecting bias, attributing our failure to external characteristics
Term
dis-identify
Definition
when members of low status groups stop identifying with the group, disregarding that membership as a important part of their identity
Term
basking in reflected glory
Definition
people derive a positive self-concept from the achievements of other group members even if they were not personally instrumental in those achievements
Term
cutting off reflected failure
Definition
group who failed on the task were more likely to distance themselves from other members of their group
Term
individualist cultures
Definition
the u.s. and Europe from early age children are encouraged to think of themselves as unique individuals
Term
collectivist cultures
Definition
children are encouraged to be obedient and respectful of their family and to conform to societal norms
Term
alternation model
Definition
suggests that it is possible for an individual to deal with multiple identities by understanding the cultural assumptions that guide behavior and suing this knowledge to think and behave appropriately in each
Term
social cognition
Definition
describes a focus on the way perceivers encode, process, remember, and use information in social contexts in order to make sense of other peoples behavior
Term
social context
Definition
any real or imagined scenario including reference to self or others
Term
naïve scientists
Definition
desire for consistency and stability, the ability to predict and control, makes us behave, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others
Term
internal attribution/person attribution
Definition
any explanation that locates the cause as being internal to the person such as personality, mood, abilities, attitudes, and effort
Term
external attribution/ situation attribution
Definition
any explanation that locates the cause as being external to the person such as the actions of others the nature of the situation social pressures or luck
Term
stability
Definition
the extent to which causes are relatively stable and permanent (natural ability) vs. temporary and fluctuating (being drunk)
Term
controllability
Definition
the extent to which causes can be influenced by others (efforts) vs. the extent to which they are random (luck)
Term
social desirability
Definition
whether the behavior observed is consistent with or counter to social norms
Term
co-variation principle
Definition
- this principle states that for something to be the cause of a particular behavior it must be present when the behavior is present and absent when the behavior is absent
Term
consensus information
Definition
the extent to which other people in the scene react in the same way as the target person
Term
consistency information
Definition
the extent to which the target person reacts in the same way on different occasions
Term
distinctiveness information
Definition
the extent to which the target person reacts in the same way in other contexts
Term
dispositional attribution
Definition
any explanation that locates the cause as being internal to the person (personality, mood, attitudes, abilities, effort)
Term
situational attribution
Definition
any explanation that locates the cause as being external to the person (actions of others, the nature of the situation, luck)
Term
heuristics
Definition
timesaving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules of thumb
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
tendency to allocate a set of attributes to someone if they match the prototype of a given category
Term
base rate fallacy
Definition
the tendency to ignore statistical information in favor of representativeness information
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event
Term
accessibility
Definition
extent to which a concept is readily brought to mind
Term
social psychology
Definition
a scientific field that examines how the behavior, feelings, and thoughts of individuals are influenced by the real imagined or implied presence of others
Term
memory affected by schemata
Definition
affects our memory for people and events
Term
primacy
Definition
remember the beginning of the list
Term
encoding
Definition
pictures, words, abcs
Term
memory
Definition
a reconstructive process
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
bring about the outcome that is expected, belief becomes reality
Term
attribution
Definition
people make judgements about behavior
Term
regulators
Definition
nonverbal behaviors to serve, guide, control or direct interaction
Term
affect displays
Definition
all nonverbal displays that signal emotion
Term
categorization
Definition
treat stimuli as more or less equivalent
Term
categorize
Definition
find some similarity
Term
schema
Definition
organized structure of knowledge that guides our perception, organization and memory for social information
Term
role schema
Definition
schema for a particular kind of person
Term
role schemata
Definition
know them by where they fit into the social world first
Term
script- an event schema
Definition
schema for a particular social situation, sequence of the events
Term
self- schemata
Definition
stuff about yourself, we have multiple schemata, have emotional connections
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
information familiar with and stop processing
Term
accessibility
Definition
schema made accessible in order for them to have an impact on us - individual differences in which schemata are accessible
Term
social cognition
Definition
a broad term that describe a focus on the way perceivers encode, process, remember, and use information in social contexts in order to make sense of other peoples behavior
Term
external attribution
Definition
any explanation that locates the cause as being external to the person such as the actions of others, the nature of the situation, social pressures or luck
Term
self concept
Definition
everything you believe to be true about yourself
Term
interpersonal path
Definition
others believe and exceptions shape the self
Term
role taking
Definition
translate public identity into self concept - looking at oneself from the perspective of another - taking the role of another
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
attribution about the self in regard to successes and failure - attribute achievements to themselves and the failures to the situations
Term
self esteem
Definition
we all want to think highly of ourselves we all want to think positive as we can of ourselves
Term
physical attractiveness
Definition
target/ physical characteristics - the first think we think about a person
Term
non-verbal behavior
Definition
everything that we do that isnt content of speech itself
Term
common sense
Definition
what everyone can plainly see
Term
systematic observation
Definition
much of what we know is based on observation, but most of the time its haphazard
Term
social cognition
Definition
understanding people
Term
role
Definition
place or spot in a social system, there are a set of behaviors expected and certain thoughts or feelings with those sets of behaviors
Term
cultural environment
Definition
shared meaning people bring to situations
Term
perceivers needs
Definition
not thought to be affected by emotions, thought to be mechanical
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