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| we can filter external noise so we only hear ourself. Preference for self related material. |
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| the sum total of belief that people have about themseves. A sense of one's identity and personal worth emerges gradually around 6 months. |
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| at what age are our self images stable? |
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| at what age can we recognize ourself in the mirror? |
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| earliest age of conscious memory is around 3.5 years. at 5 years old we have a sense of self and an increased long term memory, thus organization of memory is different from 3-4. |
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the belief about oneself that guide the processing of self relevant information.
ex. body is an example.
ex. we believe we are introberts it will change the way we react to thinkgs that happen to us. it provides a lens to receive info |
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when something is a conspicuous aspect of the self-concept.
ex. when body weight is part of their identity. they think about it in all siutations |
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| those who do not regard their own weight as extreme or as an important part of their lives |
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| Joseph LeDoux argues that the synaptic connections within the brain probide the biological base for memory, which makes possible the sense of continuity that is neeeded for normal identity. if the brain is distroyed/transformed so it the self. |
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Affect: how do we evaluate ourselves, see our self images, and defend against threats to our self esteem
Behavior: how do we regulate our actions and resent ourselves according to interpersonal demands?
Cognition: How do we come to know ourselves, develop a self-concept, and maintain a stable sense of identity? |
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| sociologist charles Horton's term to suggest that other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves. when we come to know ourselves by imagining what significant others think of us and then inforportating these perceptions into our self-concept. the self is relational. |
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Term
| our self concept and other people |
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Definition
| we think our self concept matches the way people see us but in reality what we think of ourselves often does not match what specific others actually think of us. |
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| reflection. a looking inwards at ones thoughts and feelings. it is not very accurate for 2 reasons: 1. many of our mental processes are outside our awareness. when we think about the causes of our actions is changes our behavior. and 2. people come up with logical sounding theories to explain their feelings and behaviors. there is a desire to see ourselves in a positive manner and overestimate their positives. |
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Term
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Definition
the process of predicting how one will feel in response to future emotional events. specifically negative ones.
ex. the track runners did not feel as bad as they thought they would when they were unsuccessful. if they did well, they were more correct but if they did bad they were not as upset as predicted.
ex. political party won/lost
ex. professors getting tenure |
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Term
| impact or durability bias of affective forecasting and why it happens |
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Definition
people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions. two possible reasons:
1. we underestimate how good we are at coping
2. we neglect to take into account the effects of other life experiences. the bad/good event is not a focused incident. |
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Definition
We learn about our feelings by observing our own behavior
-we may make attributions about ourselves based on our behavior
-particularly when internal cues are weak or ambiguous
-but not when compelling situational pressures
ex. we devour a sandwich. we can conclude we are hungry but if we are in a contest we did it to win.
people learn about themselves through self perception only when the situation alone seems insufficient to have cuase their behavior |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
"if im smiling, i must be happy" changes in facial expression can trigger corresponding changes in the subjective experience of emotion
ex. Laird's experiment with facial changes and cartoons.
but the face is not the subjective experience of emotion. positive and negative visual images make up happy and sad.
ex. siting at different height chairs |
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Term
| biology and facial emotions |
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Definition
| people need not infer how they feel. rather, facial expressions evoke physicological changes that produce an emotional experience. smiling= more blood to the brain |
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| factors within the person. engaging in activites for the sake of their own interest. |
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| factors outside the person. they engage in an activity as a means to an end, for tangible benefits. money, grades, recognition, to fulfill an obligation. |
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the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors. is the activity worth pursuing in its own right?
ex. study where they went to a preschool class and the magic marker and certificates. |
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Term
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Definition
-change someone's social surroundings and you can change that person's self description.
1. We want to evaluate our own opinions and abilities - to be accurate
2. When we can't be objective, we compare to others
3. We seek to compare to similar others
- it is better to be above average than score high but be below average |
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Term
| 2-Factor Theory of Emotions |
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Definition
2 factors determine emotions:
1. Physiological arousal(hear race, perspiration, rapid breathing)
2. Cognitive label (wanting to explain the arousal)
ex. being injected with epinephrine and getting behavioral cues from the confederate. placebo group is less influenced by social cues.
ex. the shaky bridge
limitation: if the arousal is too adversive, we are not going to look for cues from other people and you need to encounter the person before the stimuli |
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Term
| exceptions to receny rule of memory |
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Definition
Reminiscence peak: older adults retrieve a large number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adulthood years. may occur because these are busy and formative years.
transitional "firsts"- remembering the big first events |
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Definition
when we "print" dramatic events into our memory.
they are not always accurate or consistent. |
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Term
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we remember things when they are about us. these memories can shape our identity.
"the past is remembered as if it were a drama in which the self was the leading player"
people tend to revise theiy histories to reflect favorably on the self.
we tend to remember more positive things. |
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Term
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Definition
| our positive and negative evaluations o ourselves. it is pretty much stable but there are exceptions. |
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Term
| why does self esteem motivate us? |
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Definition
Primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval
A Buffer, helps us cope with our fear of death (Terror management theory). |
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Term
| actual self and ought self |
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Definition
| guilty, ashamed, resentful and anxious |
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Term
| actual self and ideal self |
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Definition
disappointed, frustrated, unfulfilled, sad and depressed
thinking you are an A student but you get C'sself |
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Term
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Definition
| self focused attention leads people to notice self discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self awareness or a change in behavior |
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Term
| causes and effects of self awareness |
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Definition
self focused situations: standing in front of a mirror, standing before an audience, watching yourself on TV
and self focused people: self absorbd people think a lot about themselves.
ex. the mirror and halloween candy
ex. alcoholism- trying to avoid self awareness |
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Term
| private self consciousness |
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Definition
a personality characteristic of indivduals who are introspective often attending to their own inner states
description: fill in sentences with first person pronounds. self descriptive statements. try to reduce discrepancies relative to your own standards. |
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Term
| public self consciousness |
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Definition
a personality characteristic that focuses on themselves as social objects as see by others
description: sensitive to the way they are viewed and the are sensitive to the extent to which others share their opinion. you try to match your behavior to socially accepted norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| all self control efforts draw from a single common reservoir. exercising self-control is like flexing a muscle: once used, it becomes fatigued and loses strength, making it more dificult to reexert self-control at least for a while, until the resource is replenished. |
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Term
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Definition
| the harder you try to inhibit a though, feeling or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed. so sometimes the harder you try to control a though, feeling or behavior, the less likely you are to succeed. |
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Term
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Definition
| those who are least competent are the most likely to overrate their own performance. |
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| an unconscious and subtle form of self enhancement ex. people rate the letters contained within their name more favorably than the other letters of the alphabet. |
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Term
| self enhancing: Self-Serving Cognitions |
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Definition
People tend to take credit for success and distance themselves from failure.
Memory reflects self-serving distortions as well |
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Term
| self enhancing: Self-Handicapping |
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Definition
| behaviors designed to sabatage one's own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure. ex. procrastination, verbal excuses |
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Term
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Definition
| play down our abilities, lower expectations, predict for everyone to hear that we will fail. |
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Term
| self enhancing: bask in reflected glory (BIRG) |
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Definition
self estem is influenced by some extent by those individuals and group with whom we identify. we use this to raise our self esteem by using others success.
ex. if you basketball team wins= brag
if they lose... say its not your fault
ex. taking and wearing the badge
ex. when a male watches his team lose, he has lower levels of testosterone |
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Term
| self-enhancing: downward social comparison |
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Definition
when slef steem is at stake, we tend to make comparisons with others who are worse off. we make temporal comparisons between our past and present selves.
ex. the breast cancer patients. |
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Term
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Definition
individuals who are depressed or low in SE have more realistic views of themsleves.
positive illusions promote happiness and good things
people sometimes need to be self critical in order to improve
people dont like people with high esteem, especially when their own esteem is threatened. |
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Definition
| people from individualist and collectivist cultures are similarly motivated to think highly of themselves. that the burning need for positive self regard is universal or pancultural. |
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| strategies people use to shape what others think of them |
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Definition
| a tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them that it really does. |
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| a term used to describe acts that are motivated by the desire to "get along" with others and be liked |
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| a term used to describe acts that are motivated by a desire to "get ahead" and gain respect for one's competence. |
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| ingratiation tactics need to be subtle or else they will backfire. |
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Term
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| the tendency to change behavvior in response to the self presentation converns of the situation |
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