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Social Psych 8-10 Test 3
Social Psych Mahoney
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/16/2011

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Term
groups
Definition
two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us."
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
Original meaning:the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
Current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others.
Term
crowding
Definition
brings forth "choking" when a lot of people are in one place
Term
evaluation apprehension
Definition
concern for ow others are evaluating us
Term
mere presence of others
Definition
produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension or arousing distraction
Term
Social loafing
Definition
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
Term
free riders
Definition
people who benefit from the group but give little in return
Term
deindividuation
Definition
loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad
Term
group polarization
Definition
group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group
Term
social comparison
Definition
evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
Term
groupthink
Definition
the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
Term
Minority influence on groups
Definition
consistency, self-confidence
Term
leadership
Definition
the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group
Term
task leadership
Definition
leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals
Term
social leadership
Definition
leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
Term
transformational leadership
Definition
leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence
Term
prejudice
Definition
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Term
stereotype
Definition
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. They are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.
Term
discrimination
Definition
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
Term
racism
Definition
an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
Term
sexism
Definition
an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.
Term
social dominance orientation
Definition
a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
Term
ethnocentric
Definition
believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
Term
authoritarian personality
Definition
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
Term
realistic group conflict theory
Definition
the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
Term
social identity
Definition
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Term
ingroup
Definition
"us"--a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
Term
outgroup
Definition
"them"--a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
Term
ingroup bias
Definition
the tendency to favor one's own group
Term
terror management
Definition
according to "terror management theory," people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality
Term
outgroup homogeneity effect
Definition
perception of outgropu members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse."
Term
own-race bias
Definition
the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race.
Term
stigma consciousness
Definition
a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
Term
group-serving bias
Definition
explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group).
Term
just-world phenomenon
Definition
the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Term
subtyping
Definition
accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule."
Term
subgrouping
Definition
accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects
Term
aggression
Definition
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Term
hostile aggression
Definition
aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
Term
instrumental aggression
Definition
aggression that is a means to some other end
Term
instinctive behavior
Definition
an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
Term
frustration-aggression theory
Definition
the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress
Term
frustration
Definition
the blocking of goal-directed behavior
Term
displacement
Definition
the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
the perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself
Term
social learning theory
Definition
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
Term
catharsis
Definition
emotional release. Aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression.
Term
social scripts
Definition
culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations
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