·      shows facts can be measured. Belief we can use our empiracle abilities to understand the natural laws of the Universe.

·      Father of Sociology. Used Positivistic Model. Enlightenment thinker.

is based on the assumption that human knowledge is best served when information can be measured/ objectively observed.

·      can be measured, observed by others, with human senses.

·      reflection of values, values are not empirical

·      serious norms- no murder, stealing, etc. usually a crime to break.

A person’s status within a group indicates where that individual fits into the social structure.

·      Social structure

o   Status-(prestige) 

§  Master status- 

§  Achieved status- 

§  Ascribed Status- 

§  Status Symbols- .

§  Status set- 

o   Role- 

§  Role Strain- 

§  Role Conflict-

o   Institution- 

  all of a person’s status’s combined.

o   expectations associated with status. Behave towards people according to status.

§  In a role that you don’t have ability to live up too.

·      close nit communities, care about each other.

·      Conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues. Researchers created a simulated prison in the basement of a building in Stanford. Twenty-four students volunteered, two groups: prisoners and guards. Prisoners were confined to prison. Guards were instructed of duties. Experiment was cancelled after 6 days. Both guards and prisoners couldn’t distinguish reality from experiment, resulting in “human values suspending”, self-concepts were challenged and the ugliest, most base, pathological side of human nature surfaced.

·      Australian born businessman who owns TV and news companies around the world. Fox network is one that adheres to his views. Opposed to gov. intervention to battle poverty and lack of healthcare. In favor of gov. combating crime and terrorism.

• ·      The US is ranked 37^th in the World in terms of health care.
• ·      47 million in US without Health Care.
• ·      US spends close to 20% of GDP on HC.
• ·      US ranks 30^th internationally in terms of life expectancy. 21% of American Children live in poverty.
• ·      Teddy Roosevelt first president to attempt to put universal health care into place.

In Germany, Otto von Bismark developed and implemented a system of universal health care for all Germans in the latter decades of the 1800’s.

• about 18% of americans under age 65 have no health insurance and the numbers of uninsured have increased by nearly 7 million in the last 3 decades.

·      Medical bills are the chief cause of personal bankruptcies. Americans file for bankruptcy at a rate of one every 30 seconds because of medical bills. More than one in four US adults have not filled a prescription or have delayed a medical procedure due to expense.

In 2006, the FBI reported that over 45% of the Approximately 1.6 million drug arrest were for marijuana use, about 700,000.

·      - on a drug occurs when the body has adjusted to the presence of a drug and will suffer pain, discomfort, or illness (withdrawal) if its use is discontinued.

Males- 5 drinks or more

Females-4 drinks or more

The Spanish Flu of 1918 killed about 40 million people.

In a short period of time, Taiwan has emerged as one of the fastest growing and prosperous economies in the world. As the Taiwanese began rebuilding their social institutions, one of the issues their leaders wanted to tackle was affordable, universal health care. In an effort to cut down on the administrative costs, they implemented the smart card system and have enjoyed a remarkably low administrative cost of 2%.

·      shows patients medical history. How often visit. Etc.

·      public insurance of people 65 and up; paid by social security taxes

·      public insurance for anyone who can’t afford basic care, financed by tax revenues.

refers to the fact that so many of the poor in the US are women and Children. 75% of America’s poor are women and children.

Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics from 1930-1963, Harry Anslinger led the movement to make marijuana illegal and set the tone for what would eventually culminate in the current war on drugs.

Many murderers are young; about 45% of those arrested for murder are between the ages of 17 and 34. The victims are young too; about 55% are between the ages of 17-34.

In 2005 about 10 million violent and major property crimes were committed in the U.S. Of these, only about 20% were cleared by arrests, and even fewer ended in convictions.

• In an exhaustive study of hate crimes, the FBI concluded that 61% of such incidents were based on race
• 13% on sexual orientation
• another 10% on ethnicity or national origin. Intimidation, the single most frequently reported hate crime accounts for 41%
• damage, destruction, or vandalism of property 23%
• simple assault for 18%
• aggravated assault for 13%.

• ·      Every 17 minutes someone commits suicide in the US.
• ·      3^rd in deaths among young people.
• ·      Increasing since 1950
• ·      Suicide is responsible for 2% of all deaths in the world. According to WHO

Deinstitutionalization refers to discharging patients from mental hospitals directly into the community.

• An estimated 3.5 million Americans suffer from schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorder or some other form of severe mental illness. Of these, about 40% are not being treated for their illness.
• ·      An increasing proportion of Americans are receiving treatment for mental disorders, a proportion that has grown from about one-fifth in the 1990s to about one-third at present.
• ·      The WHO reports that worldwide, one in four patients visiting a health service has at least on mental, neurological, or behavioral disorder, but most of these disorders are neither diagnosed nor treated.
• ·      Most middle- and –low- income countries devolte less than 1 percent of their helath expenditures to mental health. Consequently, mental health policies, legislation, community care facilities, and treatments for people with mental illness are not given the priority they deserve.
• ·      The parity movements in mental-health care advocates legislation that would end practices whereby insurance companies discriminate against people with mental illnesses and chemical dependencies.
• ·      Research studies estimate that about one in six returning service people will be in need of mental-health services as a result of their experiences serving in Iraq.

The savings and loan scandal of the 1980’s marks one of the largest crimes against American taxpayers in history. In fact it has been estimated that this corporate crime costs the U.S. taxpayers about 20 billion dollars.

·      Differential association- an explanation of crime that holds that criminal behavior is a result of a learning process that occurs chiefly within small, intimate groups that value such behavior.

Money laundering by terrorist and organized crime groups and identity theft fall under the heading of organized crime.

Corporate Capitalism

Cooperative Capitalism

State Capitalism

o   US economy

o   Gov. Minimal

o   Power of unions decreasing

o   Labor costs low to keep profits up.

o   Really affordable goods.

o   Make people think they need things

o   Low benefits to workers

o   Little job security

o   France, Germany, Holland

o   Less inequality

o   More representation for workers.

o   Job Security

o   China, most Asian countries.

o   Government decisions, strong rule

o   Economy privately owned

·      Corporations

·      Small Businesses

·      Government

·      Workers

In a pure free-market economy, an entrepreneur would assume all the risks involved in a new business venture. In practice, however, the risks are limited when a corporation is chartered by the government and given limited liability. Under this provision, the entrepreneur’s personal assets are not liable if the corporation fails.

Published in 1776 by Adam Smith, the Wealth of Nations laid out the basic principles of capitalism, which are still used today.

·      Wealthfare- opportunities provided by the government that enable the rich to become richer.

·      - a nation in which a significant proportion of the gross domestic product is taken by the state to provide minimal social welfare for the poor, the aged, the disabled, and others who would not be able to survive under conditions of the market competition.

·      - In the event of illness, loss of one of the jobs, marital dicord, or pregnancy, for example the family could lose half of its income and plunge below the poverty level.

·      Africa-50% by 2025 up from 30% in 1995.

·      Asia-50% by 2025 up from 30% in 1995.

·      Europe-80% by 2025 up from 70% in 1995.

·      Latin America- 80% by 2025 up from 70% in 1995.

·      North America-80% by 2025 up from 70% in 1995.

- a way of life that depends on industry, mass communication, a mobile population, and mass consumer markets-has penetrated even to rural places.

-Thomas compared the mobs of great cities to sores on the human body.

·      the large core areas of the CMSAs. Stats published separately for Dallas and FW for the PMSAs.

·      refers to the large metropolitan areas.

·      Basic argument is that cities increase the incidence of both social and personality disorders.

·      Described the City as “a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals”

·      Urban environment assaults the city dweller with multiple and intense stimuli.

·      The pressures of this overabundance of stimulation force urban dwellers to adapt in order to maintain their mental equilibrium.

·      As a result the typical city dweller “becomes aloof, brusque, impersonal in his dealings with others, and emotionally buffered in his human relationships.” When such withdrawal fails to counter the effects of overstimulation, people experience “psychic overload”, which produces irritation and anxiety.

·      Personal behavior is shaped by the social life of specific neighborhoods and communities, not by the larger social forces described by Wirth.

·      Runaway, largely unregulated urban growth has been marked by avoidable environmental disasters and widening gaps between the haves and the have-nots.

·      Lack of regulation on real estate developers has had detrimental effects on the rest of the Urban population.