Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their culture or subculture |
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Term
| Historical Descriptions of Children |
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Definition
7000 b.c, children were killed as religious sacrifices and sometimes embedded in the walls of buildings to "strengthen" these structure.
Roman parents were legally entitled to kill their deformed, illegitimate, or otherwise unwanted infants |
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Term
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Definition
| a detailed record of an infants growth and development over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion for evaluation the scientific merit of theories; a parsimonious theory is one that uses relatively few explanatory principles to explain a broad set of observations |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion for evaluating the scientific merit of theories; a theory is falsifiable when it is capable of generating predictions that could be disconfirmed |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion for evaluating the scientific merit of theories. An heuristic theory is one that continues to stimulate new research and new discoveries |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical prediction about some aspect of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that children are inherently selfish egoists who must be controlled by society |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that infants are born with an intuitive sense of right and wrong that is often misdirected by the demands and restrictions of society |
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Term
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Definition
| innate purists viewed children as "noble savages" who should be given the freedom to follow their inherently positive inclinations |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the mind of an infant is a "blank slate" and that all abilities, behaviors, and motives are acquired through experience |
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Term
| What do most developmentalists believe about the influence of genes and the environment? |
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Definition
| the relative contributions of nature and nurture depend on the particular aspect of development in question |
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Term
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Definition
| debate among developmental theorists about whether children are active contributors to their own development or, rather, passive recipients of environmental influence |
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Term
| Continuity/Discontinuity Issue |
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Definition
| debate among theorists about whether developmental changes are best characterized as gradual and quantitative or, rather, abrupt and qualitative |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct phase within a larger sequence of development; a period characterized by a particular set of abilities, motives, behaviors, or emotions that occur together and form a coherent pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| normative development that all individuals display |
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Term
| Particularistic Development |
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Definition
| developmental outcomes that vary from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude or value about the pursuit of knowledge that dictates that investigators must be objective and must allow their data to decide the merits of their theorizing |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results, both over time and across observers |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately reflects what the researchers intended to measure |
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Term
| What is the purpose of standard format in interviewing? |
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Definition
| to treat each person alike so that the responses of different participants can be compared |
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Term
| Structured Interview or Structured Questionaire |
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Definition
| a technique in which all participants are asked the same questions in precisely the same order so that the responses of different participants can be compared |
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Term
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Definition
| a self-report methodology in which participants respond to standardized questions, in a diary or notebook, at a specified time or whenever they are instructed to respond by prompt from an electronic pager |
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Term
| When is a diary study the most effective? |
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Definition
| issues such as the growth of moodiness and negativity as children transition into adolescence or the relationship between daily stressors and depression in adolescent boys and girls |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of interview in which a participant's response to each successive question (or problem) determines what the investigator will ask next |
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Term
| What is the advantage of using interviews and questionnaires in developmental research? |
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Definition
| obtain large amounts of useful information in a short period of time |
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Term
| What is a disadvantage of the clinical method? |
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Definition
| it is difficult, if not impossible, to directly compare the answers of participants who are asked different questions. Raises the possibility that the examiner's preexisting theoretical biases may affect the particular follow-up questions asked and the interpretations provided |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which the scientist tests hypothesis by observing people as they engage in everyday activities in their natural habitats |
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Term
| What are the advantages of naturalistic observations? |
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Definition
The ease with which it can be applied to infants and toddlers.
It's the only method that can tell us how people actually behave in everyday life |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of naturalistic observations? |
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Definition
some behaviors occur so infrequently or are so socially undesirable that they are unlikely to be witnessed by a strange observer in the natural environment
Many events are usually happening at the same time in the natural setting, and any of them may be affecting people's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an observational method in which the investigator cues the behavior of interest and observes participants' responses in a laboratory |
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Term
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Definition
| a research method in which the investigator gathers extensive information about the life of an individual and then tests developmental hypothesis by analyzing the events of the person's life history |
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Term
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Definition
| method in which the researcher seeks to understand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Methods |
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Definition
| methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children's physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior and development |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of research design that indicates the strength of associations among variables; though correlated variables are systematically related, these relationships are not necessarily causal |
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Term
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Definition
| As one variable increases, the other variable also increases (height and weight) |
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Term
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Definition
| As one variable increases, the other variable decreases (popularity and aggression) |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which the investigator introduces some change in the participant's environment and then measures the effect of the change on the participant's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| state of affairs in which the findings of ones research are an accurate representation of processes that may occur in the natural environment |
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Term
| Natural (or quasi) Experiment |
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Definition
| a study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring event that is assumed to affect people's lives |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment that takes place in a naturalistic setting such as the home, the school, or the playground |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over a period of months or years |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of months or years |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design in which participants are studied intensively over a short period of time as developmental changes occur; attempts to specify how or why those changes occur |
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Term
| Cross-Cultural Comparison |
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Definition
| a study that compares the behavior and/or development of people from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds |
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Term
| What is Freud's psychoanalytical theory? |
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Definition
| maturation of the sex instinct underlies stages of personality development and that how parents manage children's instinctual impulses will determine the traits children come to display |
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Term
| What is free association? |
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Definition
| a quick spelling out of ones thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What role do conflicts between biological needs and society play in Freud's theory? |
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Definition
| As biological creatures, we have basic sexual and aggressive instincts that must be served; yet society dictates that many of these needs are undesirable and must be restrained |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytical term for the inborn component of the personality that is driven by the instincts |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytical term for the rational component of the personality |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytical term for the component of the personality that consists of one's internalized moral standards |
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Term
| According to Freud, what drives personality development? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, how do children move from one psychosexual stage to the next? |
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Definition
| Freud believed that as the sex instinct matured, its focus would shift from one part of the body to another, and that each shift brought on a new stage of psychosexual development |
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Term
| What are Freud's psychosexual stages? |
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Definition
| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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Term
| What is the Oedipus complex? |
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Definition
| Freud's term for the conflict that 3 to 6 year old boys experience when they develop an incestuous desire for the mother and, at the same time, a jealous and hostile rivalry with their fathers |
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Term
| What is the Electra complex? |
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Definition
| female version of the Oedipus complex, in which a 3 to 6 year old girl was believed to envy her father for possessing a penis and to seek him as a sex object in the hope of sharing the organ that she lacks |
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Term
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Definition
| arrested development at a particular psychosexual stage, often occuring as a means of coping with existing conflicts and preventing movement to the next stage, where stress may be even higher |
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Term
| What are some of the criticisms of Freud's theory? |
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Definition
| There isn't much evidence |
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Term
| What is Erikson's theory? |
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Definition
| Psychosocial Theory: Eriksons revision of Freuds thoery, which emphasizes sociocultural determinants of development and posits a series of 8 psychosocial conflicts that people must resolve successfully to display healthy psychoglogical adjustment |
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Term
| What are Erikson's stages in his theory? |
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Definition
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
ego integrity vs despair |
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Term
| What are some of Erikson's criticisms? |
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Definition
| vague about the causes of development |
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Term
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Definition
| a strong proponent of the importance of learning in human development and the father of the school of psychology that came to be known as behaviorism |
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Term
| What was Watson's theory? |
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Definition
| conclusions about human development should be based on controled observations of overt behavior rather than speculation about unconscious motives or other unobservable phenomena |
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Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which voluntary acts (or operants) become either more or less probable, depending on the consequences they produce |
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Term
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Definition
| advanced the behaviorist approach. Proposed that both animals and humans will repeat acts that lead to favorable outcomes and will suppress those that produce unfavorable outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| any consequence of an act that increases the probability that the act will recur |
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Term
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Definition
| any consequence of an act that suppresses that act and/ or decreases the probability that it will recur |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandura stresses that humans are cognitive beings-active information processors-who, unlike animals, are likely to think about the relationships between their behavior and its concequences, and are often more affected by what they believe will happen than by the events they actually experience |
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Term
| What is Bandura's social learning theory? |
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Definition
| observational learning: learning that results from observing the behavior of others |
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Term
| What was Bandura's classic 1965 study on aggression? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bandura, what are consequences? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bandura, what are symbolic representations? |
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Definition
| the images and verbal labels that observers generate in order to retain the importnant aspects of a model's behavior |
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Term
| What is deferred imitation? |
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Definition
| reproduction of a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past |
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Term
| How do toddlers emulate a model? |
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Definition
| reproduction of a modeled outcome by the use of means other than those that the model displayed |
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Term
| When do toddlers become more proficient in emulating models? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age does a child use observational learning primarily to imitate instrumental behaviors and acquire new competencies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the research by Kuczynski about self-care reveal? |
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Definition
| between the ages of 2 and 3, observational learning is becoming an important means by which children acquire basic person and social competencies and gain a richer understanding of the rules and regulations they are expected to follow |
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Term
| Why do grade school children learn more from social models than pre-school children? |
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Definition
| pre-school children may generally learn less from social models because they, unlike older children, do not spontaneously produce the verbal mediators that would help them retain what they have observed |
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Term
| What are the principles of reciprocal determinism? |
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Definition
| the notion that the flow of influence between children and their environments is a two-way street; the environment may affect the child, but the child's behavior will also influence the environment |
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Term
| What is Bandura's position on the relationship between children and their environments? |
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Definition
| links between persons, behaviors, and environment are bidirectional |
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Term
| In general, what have social learning theories produced? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual development theorist |
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Term
| What is Piagetian theory including stages and substages? |
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Definition
| sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete-operational stage, formal operational stage |
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Term
| According to Piaget what is intelligence? |
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Definition
| basic life process that helps an organism to adapt to its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of his or her experience; Piaget sometimes uses the term cognitive structure as a synonym for scheme |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagets term for the process by which children interpret new experiences by incorporating them into their existing schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| Piagets term for the process by which children modify their exsisting schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| inborn tendencies to adjust to the demands of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| imbalances or contradictions between one's thought processes and environmental events. By contrast, equilibrium refers to balanced, harmonious relationship between one's cognitive structures and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into coherent systems or bodies of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to consider more than one aspect of a problem at a time |
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Term
| What is an ethnological view on human development? |
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Definition
| humans are born with a number of adaptive attributes that have evolved through natural selection and channel development in way that promote adaptive outcomes |
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Term
| What is ethnological theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are behavioral geneticists? |
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Definition
| focus on the biological bases for variation among members of a species |
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Term
| What is Tryon (1940) experiment? |
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Definition
| selective breeding experiment |
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Term
| What are the findings of the identical and fraternal twin studies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic endowment that an individual inherits |
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Term
| How would one estimate the influence of shared environmental influences on an attribute? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to behavioral geneticists, the environmental influences that contribute most heavily to the developing personality are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the findings related to shared and nonshared environments or siblings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Scarr and McCartney's findings on rearing environments that biological parents provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the criticisms of behavioral genetics approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a major strength of Bronfenbrenner's theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "zone of proximal development"? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the child's role, according to Vygotsky, in collaborative learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is social information processing theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the research findings of Rholes and Ruble (1984)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do mechanistic models of development focus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do organismic models of development focus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do contextual models of development focus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the holistic approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who takes an eclectic stance on human development? |
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Definition
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