Term
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Definition
Field study on nurses who were unaware they were in an experiment.
22 nurses were rung by a fake Dr. Smith who asked them to see if they had the drug Astroten.
They were then told to administer 20mg (10mg over the maximum doseage) to a patient.
21/22 nurses were easily influenced by the doctor to administer the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
Groups of 6 people with 4 real participants and 2 confederates.
Shown a series of 36 slides of different shades of blue and asked to name aloud the colour of the shade.
In one condition the confederates called out all shades green and 8% of the partcipants agreed.
In the other condition confederates called 24 of the 36 slides green and only 1.25% of paricipants agreed.
MINORITIES SHOULD BE CONSISTANT IN ORDER TO EXERT AN INFLUENCE |
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Term
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Definition
Clark
- Providing persuasive arguments
- By showing defecting behaviour
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Term
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Definition
21 male college students (chosen from 75 volunteers) were screened for psychological normality and paid $15 per day to take part in the experiments.
Participants were randomly assigned to either the role of prisoner or guard in a simulated prison environment.
Within hours of beginning the experiment some guards began to harass prisoners. They behaved in a brutal and sadistic manner, apparently enjoying it. Other guards joined in, and other prisoners were also tormented. |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| People may be unsure of how to behave and will conform to others and copy them. |
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Term
| Importance of Place and Culture |
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Definition
| Individualistic/Collectivist Cultures |
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Term
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Definition
Research takes place within a social, historical and cultural context.
Reflects time/place.
Perrin and Spencer. |
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Term
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Definition
1 Confederate = Low conformity
3 confederates = 33% conformity
15 confederates = Lower levels/suspicion |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| Person conforms because of their need to be accepted by/belong to a group. |
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Term
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Definition
Replicated Asch's research using same line task.
1 Condition: 33 male students.
2 Condition: 20 male students on probation.
Conformatity was non-existent in 1.
Probation simlar to Asch. |
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Term
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Definition
People will obey someone who appears to be in authority - often in uniform.
Hofling and Bickman. |
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Term
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Definition
People obey in small steps, the reason people obey and do something big is because they have started to obey first in smaller steps.
Milgram |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| People who are hostile to those who are of inferior status, but obedient of people with high status. |
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Term
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Definition
They are not acting on their own free will, they are acting on behalf of another 'agent' they cannot be held responsible for their actions as they were just carrying out orders for someone else.
German people in the Holocaust. |
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Term
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Definition
Refe4rs to the sense of control people have over the successes, failures and events in their lives.
Locus of control is measured on a scale.
Those with high internal locus of control largely feel that their actions are their own choice and responsibility.
Those with a high external locus of control see their actions as resulting largely from factors outside their control. |
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Term
| Deviation From Social Norms |
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Definition
A person's thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behavior in a particular social group.
Social behavior varies markedly when different cultures are compared.
Social norms change over time. behavior that was once seen as abnormal may, given time, become acceptable and vice versa.
For example drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has gone the other way.
Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological but today is considered acceptable. |
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Term
| Failure to Function Adequately |
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Definition
Rosenhan & Seligman (1989) suggest the following characteristics that define failure to function adequately:
- Suffering
- Maladaptiveness (danger to self)
- Vividness & unconventionality (stands out)
- Unpredictably & loss of control
- Irrationality/incomprehensibility
- Causes observer discomfort
- Violates moral/social standards
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Term
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health |
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Definition
Psychologists vary, but usual characteristics include:
o Positive view of the self
o Capability for growth and development
o Autonomy and independence
o Accurate perception of reality
o Positive friendships and relationships
o Environmental mastery – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations
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Term
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Definition
Largely conscious
Develops from the id during the second 6 months of life
Fully formed by about the age of two
Rational, intellectual part of your personality
Plans and makes decisions
It is in contact with the outside world
Keeps our thoughts and actions in step with the world
Realises operating on the pleasure principle is not the most effective method
It works on the reality principle which mediates between the demands of reality and immediate gratification.
Regulates the id and mediates between the id and superego |
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Term
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Definition
Largest part of the mind
Wholly unconscious
Innate
Source of basic urges like food, water, warmth, affection, aggression and sex
Ids motivating force is called the libido
Works n the pleasure principle – seeks immediate gratification
If the id isn’t satisfied, tension is produced and the id attempts to eliminate the tension quickly |
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Term
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Definition
Largely unconscious
Develops from ego, throughout childhood
Contains social conscience
The conscience is formed about ages 5 – 6
Moral part of our personality
When children discover many impulses are unacceptable to their parents, their parents’ values become the child’s to attain approval
Guides us to acceptable behaviour
Threatens ego with consequences of wrong doing or we are rewarded for good behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| impulses/thoughts that are unacceptable to the ego are pushed into the unconscious, it prevents awareness and keeps buried desires from growing up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refusal to believe/admit to the reality of a traumatic experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing one’s own characteristics/desires to someone else because they are unacceptable to conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Redirection of emotion from a dangerous subject to a subordinate, less dangerous subject |
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Term
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Definition
Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed stages.
old (oral)
age (anal)
pensioners (phallic)
love (latent)
grapes (genital). |
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Term
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Definition
The first stage of personality development where libido is centered in a baby's mouth.
It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy libido, and thus its id demands.
Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breast-feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The libido now becomes focused on the anus and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world (i.e. their ego has developed). |
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Term
Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years) |
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Definition
| Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure. The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls) |
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Term
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Definition
Oedipus complex arises because the boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother.
He wants to possess his mother exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so.
In the phallic stage what the boy loves most is his penis. Hence the boy develops castration anxiety.
Boy uses identification to copy his fathers behaviour.
Freud (1909) offered the little Hans case study as evidence for the oedipus complex. |
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Term
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Definition
The girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy.
The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her mother for her 'castrated state' and this creates great tension. |
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Term
Latency Stage (5 or 6 to puberty) |
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Definition
| No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage. |
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Term
Genital Stage (puberty to adult) |
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Definition
| Is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another in our 20's or so. |
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