Term
3 Types of Social Influence
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Definition
1. Conformity
2. Compliance
3. Obedience |
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Term
Sherif's Conformity Research |
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Definition
Subjects in a darkened room looking at a point of light believed the light began to move. ( Autokinetic Effect) |
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Term
Conformity can be caused by both 1. and 2. social influence. |
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Definition
1. Normative
2. Informational |
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Term
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Definition
- Conformity, compliance, or obedience due to a desire to gain rewards or avoid punishments. (outcome dependence) |
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Definition
- Conformity, compliance, or obedience due to a desire to gain information. (information dependence) |
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Term
Factors that Affect Conformity: |
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Definition
1. Situational
2. Personal
3. Minority Affecting Majority |
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Term
Situational Factors that affect Conformity: |
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Definition
1. Group Size
2. Group cohesiveness
3. Topic Relevance
4. Social Support |
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Term
Personal Factors that affect Conformity: |
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Definition
1. Self-awareness
2. Self-presentation
3. Desire for Personal Control
4. Gender
5. Individualism and Collectivism |
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Term
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Definition
- process by which dissenters produce change within a group. |
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Term
Factors that foster Compliance:
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Definition
1. Positive Moods
2. Reciprocity
3. Giving Reasons |
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Term
Two- Step Compliance Strategies: |
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Definition
1. Foot-in-the-Door: influencer secures compliance with a small request then follows it up w/ a larger, less desirable request.
2. Door-in-the-Face: influencer asks for a large favor that gets rejected. Then he/she asks for a smaller favor.
3. That's-Not-All: influencer asks for a big request, but immediately offers a bonus to make request more reasonable.
4. Low-Balling: influencer secures agreement with a request by understating its true cost.
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Term
Situational Influences on Obedience Rates (Milgram): |
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Definition
1. "Researcher" vs. "Ordinary Person"
2. Psychological distance from experimenter
3. Psychological distance from the victim
4. Confederates modeling defiance |
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Term
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Definition
-The theory that the amount of social influence others have depends on their number, strength, & immediacy to those they are trying to influence.
- Number concerns the number of sources and dispersion of targets.
- Strength is a function of power, expertise, and status.
- Immediacy is a function of closeness to the individuals in terms of time and space.
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Term
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Definition
- several interdependent people who have emotional ties and interact on a regualr basis.
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Definition
-Depending on one another to achieve group goals. |
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Term
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Definition
-Basking in Reflected Glory
Ex. Fan's reactions to favorite sports team's victory |
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Term
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Definition
-Cutting off reflected failure
- Psychologically distancing ourselves from the group when group is outperformed by other groups.
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Term
Four Aspects to Nature of Groups: |
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Definition
1. Cohesiveness
2. Purposes
3. Structure
4. Membership phases |
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Definition
As a group grows, cohesiveness declines.
- Similarity increases cohesvieness. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Accomplish tasks.
2. Satisfy socioemotional needs. |
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Term
| Group structure develops _______and changes ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three structural aspects common to all groups. |
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Definition
1. Social Norms
2. Social Roles
3. Status systems |
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Term
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Definition
| -expected standards of behavior and belief established and enforced by a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| - clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill. |
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Term
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Definition
| -reflect the distribution of power among members. |
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Term
| Psychological Forces during phases of group membership: |
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Definition
1. Ongoing Evaluations
2. Feelings of Commitment
3. Role Transitions |
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Term
| Phases of Group Membership: |
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Definition
1. Investigation
2. Socialization
3. Maintenance
4. Resocialization
5. Rememberance |
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Term
| Group Influence on Individual Behavior: |
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Definition
1. Social Facilitation
2. Social Loafing
3. Deindividuation |
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Term
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Definition
| -enhancement of dominant responses due to the presence of others. |
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Term
| The Mere-Exposure Explanation: |
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Definition
| -the presence of others increases arousal, increasing the likelihood of the dominant response. |
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Term
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Definition
| - group-induced reduction in individual output when efforts are pooled and cannot be individually judged. |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility: |
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Definition
| - belief that the presence of other people makes one less personally responsible for the events that occur in a situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| - loss of individual identity and a loosening of normal inhibitions against engaging in behavior that is inconsistnent with internal standards. |
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Term
| Group-induced lowering of inhibitions: |
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Definition
- Arousal
- Anonimity
- Diffused Responsibility
- Accountability cues
- Cost-Reward Calculations |
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Term
| Group decision-making stages: |
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Definition
1. Orientation Stage
2. Discussion Stage
3. Decision Stage
4. Implementation Stage |
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Term
| Two types of decision-making issues: |
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Definition
1. "What kind of decision is it?"
2. "How will the decision be made?" |
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Term
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Definition
1. Unanimity Rule
2. Majority- Wins Rule
3. Plurality- Wins Rule |
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Term
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Definition
| - group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members' initial attitudes. |
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Term
| What produces group polarization? |
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Definition
| - socail comparison explanation: individual members discover that they are not nearly as extreme in the socially valued direction as they initially thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgement in a group that results from an excessive desire to reach consensus. |
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Term
| Contributing Factors of Groupthink: |
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Definition
- high group cohesiveness
- threatening situational context
-structural & procedural faults |
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Term
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Definition
- overestimation of ingroup
- close-mindedness
- increased conformity pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| -considers leadership style & situational control in predicting leader effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| -any situation in which the most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for the group as a whole. |
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Definition
- exercise of social power by a person or goup to change the attitudes of behavior of others in a particular direction. |
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Definition
yielding to perceived group pressure by copying the behavior and beliefs of others. |
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Term
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Definition
- publicly acting in accord with a direct request.
- In compliance, people responding to a direct request may privately agree or disagree with the action they are engaging in.
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Term
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Definition
-acting in accord with a direct request despite privately disagreeing with it.
- This occurs because we are concerned how others might respond if we refuse them.
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Term
Internal Compliance:
(internalization) |
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Definition
- involves both acting and believing in accord with a request |
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Term
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Definition
- performance of an action in response to a direct order, usually from a person of high status or authority. |
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Term
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Definition
- the force available to the influencer to motivate attitude or behavior change. |
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Term
Sherif's norm development research demonstrated that we: |
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Definition
- look to others when defining social reality are most influenced by people who appear confident |
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Term
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Definition
Line Judging experiment
-from video |
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Term
Theory of Psychological Reactance:
(from "personal factors inluence conformity: desire for personal control") |
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Definition
- people believe they possess specific behavioral freedoms, and that they will react against and resist attempts to limit this sense of freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
- opposition to social influence on all occasions, often caused by psychological reactance. |
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