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| the basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships |
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| evaluations we make of other people - the positive and negative attitudes we form about them |
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| in attraction research the physical closeness between two individualsthe smaller the physical distance the greater the prob. of repeated contact and exposure, positive affect, and development of mutual attraction |
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| Zajonc's finding that frequent contact with any mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in an increasingly positive evaluation of that stimulus |
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| combination of the char. that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at the positive extreme and as unattractive at the negative extreme |
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| associated with attractiveness |
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| popularity, interpersonal skills, and ^ self esteem |
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| appearance-rejection sensitivity |
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| from time to time these people worry about their appearance and fear that others may snub them because they don't quite measure up on this dimension |
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| char. that influence initial interpersonal eval |
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| physique, weight, behavioral style, food preferences, first names, and other superficial char |
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| the extent to which two individuals share the same attitudes |
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| similarity-dissimilarity effect |
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| the consistent finding that people respond positively to indications that another person is similar to themselves and negatively to indications that another person is dissimilar from themselves |
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| the number of specific indicators that two people are similar divided by the number of specific indicators that two people are similar plus the number of specific indicators that they are dissimilar |
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| rosenbaum's provocative proposal that attraction is not increased by similar attitudes but is simply decreased by dissimilar attitudes, incorrect as stated |
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| specify relationsships among 1. liking for another person 2. his attitude about a given topic 3. the other person's attitude about that topic balance=positive emo. state, imbalance neg, and nonbalance=indifference |
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| Festinger suggested that people compare themselves to others because for many domains and attributes there is no obj. yardstick with which to eval. the self, so we compare ourselves to others to gain this info |
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| any phy. characteristic or behavioral tendency that enhances the odds of reproductive success for an individual or for others with similar genes |
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| refers to a personal relationship based on hatred and malice in which one person wishes to produce another person's downfall and attempts to sabotage that person's life progress |
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| refers to an interpersonal association in which two people influence each others' lives they often focus their thoughts on one another and regularly engage in joint activities |
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| the degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships. Differential styles initially develop in the interactions between infant and caregiver when the infant acquires basic attitudes about self worth and interpersonal trust |
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| an attitudinal dimension underlying attachment styles that involves the belief that other people are generally trustworthy, dependable, and reliable as opposed to the belief that others are generally opposite |
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| a style char. by high self-esteem and high interpersonal trust this is the most successful and most desirable attachment style |
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| fearful-avoidant attachment style |
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Definition
| a style char. by low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust. this is the most insecure and least adaptive attachment style |
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| preoccupied attachment style |
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| a style char. by low self-esteem and high interpersonal trust. this is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual strongly desires a close relationship but feels that he or she is unworthy of the partner and is thus vulnerable to being rejected |
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| dismissing attachment style |
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| a style char. by high self-esteem and low interpersonal trust. this is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual feels that he or she deserves a close relationship but is frustrated because of mistrust of potential partners the result is the tendency to reject the other person at some point in the relationship to avoid being the one who is rejected |
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| a relationship in which two people spend a great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations, and provide mutual emotional support |
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| the unpleasant emotional and cognitive state based on desiring close relationships but being unable to attain them |
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| when the left and the right side of the body are alike |
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| higher in income, edu, self-confidence, intelligence, dominance, and social position than themselves |
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| a combination of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships |
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| intense and often unrealistic emotional response to another person. when this emotion is experienced, it is usually perceived as an indication of true love, but to outside observers it appears to be infatuation |
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| love felt by one person for another who does not feel love in return |
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| love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, shared interests, respect, and concern for one another's welfare |
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| having more than one lover |
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| fear of losing ones lover |
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| based on decisions as to whether a partner is suitable |
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| rare in which an individual would rather suffer than have a lover suffer |
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| Sternberg's triangular model of love |
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| intimacy, passion, and decision (commitment)- one or any combination of the 3, 7 types of relationships |
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| the closeness felt by two people-the extent to which they are bonded |
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| the sexual motives and sexual excitement associated with a couple's relationship |
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| these are the cognitive process involved in deciding that you love another person and are committed to maintain the relationship |
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| a complete and ideal love that combines intimacy, passion, and decision (commitment) |
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| caused by threats to self-esteem in the form of possibility that romantic partner/work partner may desert us for a rival |
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| the extent to which two people believe they are similar |
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| a personality disposition char. by unreasonably high self esteem a feeling of superiority, a need for admiration, sensitivity to criticism, a lack of empathy, and exploitative behavior |
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| reasons people stay in bad Rs |
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Definition
1 needs of each partner can be satisfied
2 each is committed to continuing the relationship
3 alternative lovers are not readily available |
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| reasons people stay in bad Rs |
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Definition
1 needs of each partner can be satisfied
2 each is committed to continuing the relationship
3 alternative lovers are not readily available |
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| actions by individuals that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper |
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| emotional reactions that are focused on or oriented toward other people and include feelings of compassion, sympathy, and concern |
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| empathy-altruism hypothesis |
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| the suggestion that some prosocial acts are motivated soley by the desire to help someone in need |
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| negative state relief model |
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| the proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystander's desire to reduce his or her won uncomfortable negative emotions or feelings |
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| the view is that helpers respond to the needs of a victim because they want to accomplish something and doing so is rewarding in and of itself |
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| a theory suggesting that a key goal for all organisms is getting our genes into the next generation, one way in which individuals can reach this goal is by helping others who share their genes |
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| competitive altruism theory |
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| we help others as a means of increasing our own status and reputation and so reaping large rewards in the future |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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| greater numbers of witnesses to an emergency, the less likely victims are to receive help, each assumes another will do it |
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Definition
1. attending to situation
2. recognizing emergency
3. assuming responisbility
4. assessing ability to take action
5. deciding whether to act |
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| fact that because none of the bystanders respond to an emergency no one knows for sure what is happening and each depends on the others to interpret the situation |
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| factors that influence helping |
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| similarity, attraction and components, similar values |
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| imagine how the person feels, imagine how you would feel, imagine w/ fantasy |
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| conditions in which individuals feel that they have been excluded from some social group |
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| a cluster of traits, empathy, belief in a just world, social responsibility, internal LoC, and low egocentrism, that predisposes individuals to behave in a prosocial manner |
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| refers to an adult's interest in and commitment to the well-being of future generations |
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| the view that a large portion of human behavior is based on seeking whatever provides us with the most satisfaction; we seek rewards and try to avoid punishments |
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| actions that intentionally inflict harm on others |
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| theories suggestion that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others like frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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| the suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggresion |
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| general aggression model (GAM) |
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Definition
| a modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions |
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| actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in the recipient, often because they are perceived as stemming from malicious intent |
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| provoking statements that call attention to the target's flaws and imperfections |
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| excitation transfer theory |
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| a theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensive emotional reactions occurring in later situations |
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| cultures in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insults to one's honor |
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| TASS model - traits as situational sensitivities model |
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| a view suggesting that many personality traits function in a threshold-like manner, influencing behavior only when situations evoke them |
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| a pattern consisting primarily of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility |
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| a pattern consisting of low competitiveness, low time urgency, and little hostility |
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| aggression in which the prime objective is inflicting some kind of harm on the victim |
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| aggression in which the primary goal is not to harm the victim but rather attainment of some other goal - for example, access to valued resources |
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| a pattern of behavior in which one individual is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others, targeted person gen. has less power than those who engage in aggression |
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| any form of behavior through which individuals seek to harm others in their workplace |
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| a principle suggesting that in situations in which they interact frequently with potential victims, most people try-when engaging in aggression-to maximize the harm they produce while minimizing the danger of retaliation |
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| procedures in which aversive consequences are delieverd to individuals when they engage in specific actions |
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| prompt, certain, strong, seen by recipients as justified/deserved |
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| giving up the desire to punish someone who has hurt us and seeking, instead, to act in kind, helpful ways toward them |
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| opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression |
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| the branch of psychology that studies the relation between psychological variables and health |
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| our response to events that disrupt, or threaten to disrupt, our physical or psychological functioning |
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| drawing on the emotional and task resources provided by others as a means of coping with stress |
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