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| Process of collecting and interpreting information about another person's individual characteristics |
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| A dispositional characteristic viewed by social perceivers as integral to the organization of personality |
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| A trait whose perceived presence does not significantly change the overall interpretation of a person's personality |
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| The tendency for earlier information to be more influential in social perception and interpretation |
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| Perceivers add together pieces of information about a person; when other information is strongly positive, additional mildly positive information yields a more positive impression |
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| Implicit personality theories |
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| An integrated set of ideas held by a social perceiver about how different traits tend to be organized within a person |
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| A holistic approach to impression formation, implying that social perceivers actively construct deeper meanings out of the bits of information that they receive about other people |
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| A proposed process for averaging or summing trait information when forming impressions of other people |
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| Perceivers compute the (weighted or unweighted) mean value of pieces of information about a person; when other information is strongly positive, additional mildly positive information yields a less positive impression |
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| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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| When an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation. The social perceiver's initially incorrect beliefs about a target cause that target to act in ways that objectively confirm those beliefs |
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| The process whereby social perceivers arrive at conclusions about the causes of another person's behavior |
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| Proposes that observers infer correspondent intentions and dispositions for observed intentional behavior under certain circumstances |
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| Analysis of non-common effects |
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| Observers infer intentions behind actions by comparing the consequences of the behavioral options that were open to the actor and identifying distinctive outcomes |
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| Proposed tendency to infer a personal disposition corresponding to observed behavior even when the behavior was determined by the situation - Attribution error |
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| Proposes that observers work out the causes of behavior by collecting data about comparison cases. Causality is attributed to the person, entity or situation depending on which of these factors covaries with the observed effect |
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| Distinctiveness information |
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| Evidence relating to how an actor responds to different objects (or 'entities') under similar circumstances |
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| Evidence relating to how an actor's behavior towards an object varies across different stiuations and times |
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| Evidence relating to how different actors behave towards the same object |
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| Knowledge structure shaping attributions: Causal schemas may be either abstract representations of general causal principles (e.g. multiple necessary and multiple sufficient causes schemas), or domain-specific ideas about cause and effect. |
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| The presence of a causal factor working towards an observed effect implies that other potential factors are less influential. The converse of the augmenting principle. |
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| Was one of two pioneering attribution theorists. |
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| The assumption that causal factors need to be stronger if an inhibitory influence on an observed effect is present. The converse of the discounting principle. |
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| An intrinsic property of an object or event that enables it to exert influence on some other object or event |
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| Comparison of the frequency of an effect in the presence of a potential cause with its frequency in the absence of that cause |
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| Learned helplessness theory |
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| The proposal that depression results from learning that outcomes are not contingent on one's behavior |
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| The idea that depressed people's interpretations of reality are more accurate than those of non-depressed people |
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| Systematic distortions in the sampling or processing of information about the causes of behavior |
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| The assumption that other people generally share one's own personal attitudes and opinions |
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| Attention-grabbing property of objects or events depending on perceptual features such as vididness, perceiver sensitivity or some combination of the two |
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| The Actor-observer difference |
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| Proposed general tendency for people to explain their own behavior in more situational terms, but other people's behavior in more dispositional terms |
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| Self-serving attributional biases |
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| Motivated distortions of attribution that function to maintain or increase self-esteem |
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| A metaphor for how social informations is processed that likens social perceivers to academic researchers who formulate theories and use data to test hypotheses in order to predict and control behavior. |
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