Term
| Cross-cultural replication |
|
Definition
| A test of whether the results of a study are the same if it is repeated as exactly as possible in another cultural context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory that proposes that different forms of culture have arisen as adapatations to differing environmental challenges to survival |
|
|
Term
| Leader in the field: Geert Hofstede |
|
Definition
| Pioneered the measurement of culture at the nation level |
|
|
Term
| Nation-level factor analysis |
|
Definition
| An analysis across many nations of data in which the mean response for each survey item for each nation is treated as the unit of analysis |
|
|
Term
| Individualism-collectivism |
|
Definition
| Individualist nations are those in which people describe themselves in ways that emphasize their autonomy from others; collectivist nations are those in which people describe themselves in ways that emphasize their links with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which hierarchy and deference are accepted within a nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a nation is averse to risk and uncertainty |
|
|
Term
| cultural masculinity-femininity |
|
Definition
| the extent to which gender roles in a nation are seen as differentiated (masculinity) or similar (femininity) |
|
|
Term
| Leader in the field: Shalom H. Schwartz |
|
Definition
| Pioneer of research on prosocial and altruistic behavior |
|
|
Term
| Embeddedness versus autonomy values |
|
Definition
| Characteristic of a culture in which relations with one's long-term membership groups are prioritized, rather than emotional and intellectual separateness from others |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchy versus egalitarianism values |
|
Definition
| characteristic of a culture in which inequality is accepted and deference is given to one's seniors, rather than granting equality to all people |
|
|
Term
| Mastery versus harmony values |
|
Definition
| Characteristic of a culture in which achievement is sought and esteemed, rather than harmony with nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Translation of a research questionnaire that has already been translated from one language to a second language back into the original language by a translator who has not seen the original version |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tendency for a respondent to agree with all items on scales measuring attitudes, beliefs or values, even those that contradict one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People with an analytic style focus on the main element within information that they are processing; people with a holistic style focus on the relations between the different elements in information that they are processing |
|
|
Term
| Leader in the field: Shinobu Kitayama |
|
Definition
| Contrasting effects of independence and interdependence |
|
|
Term
| Better than average effect |
|
Definition
| The finding that more than 50 per cent of participants report themselves to be better than average on a variety of criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural understandings as to whether emotions should be expressed openly |
|
|
Term
| Leader in the field: Harry C. Triandis |
|
Definition
| Independence and interdependence vary over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby two cultural groups that come into contact with one another cause changes in one or both parites |
|
|
Term
| Leader in the field: John Berry |
|
Definition
| Developed the model of acculturation processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeing oneself as having simultaneous membership of two culturally-distinct groups |
|
|
Term
| Bicultural identity integration |
|
Definition
| Present when a person sees their alternate identities as compatible with one another |
|
|
