Term
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Definition
| The systematic process of categorizing and ranking people on a scale of social worth, thus affecting their life chances. |
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Term
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Definition
| A critical set of potential social advantages, including the chance to stay alive during the first year of life and the chance to determine the quality of one's health care in the last years of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributes people have at birth, develop over time, or possess through no effort or fault of their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| A status acquired through some combination of personal choice, effort, and ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| The value that some characteristics impart to the people who have them, causing those people to be regarded and treated as more valuable or worthy than people who have characteristics from other categories. |
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Term
Sierra Leone
(Significance) |
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Definition
Greatest inequality between rich and poor.
-Top 20% have 58 times more income than bottom 20%. |
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Term
Azerbaijan
(Significance) |
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Definition
Country with most equality.
-Top 20% receive only 2.5 times more than bottom 20%. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of social stratification in which people are ranked on the basis of ascribed characteristics (over which they have no control). |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of social stratification in which people are ranked on the basis of achieved characteristics, such as merit, talent, ability, or past performance. |
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Term
Characteristics of Stratification Systems |
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Definition
1) Rigidity of system: Difficulty in changing status.
2) Relative importance on ascribed and achieved characteristics in determining life chances.
3) Extent of restrictions on interaction between people of unequal status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement from one social class to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in social class that corresponds to a gain or loss in rank. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of vertical mobility in which a person moves down in rank. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of vertical mobility in which a person moves up in rank. |
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Term
Intragenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| A form of vertical mobility in which a person moves upward or downward in rank during his or her lifetime. |
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Term
Intergenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| A form of vertical mobility in which people move upward or downward in rank over two or more generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wealthiest, most highly diversified economies, with strong, stable governments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economies that rely on a few commodities or even a single commodity (such as coffee, peanuts, or tobacco) or a single mineral resource (such as tin, copper or zinc). They are exploited by both core and semi-peripheral economies. |
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Term
Semi peripheral Economies |
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Definition
| Economies that are moderately wealthy and diversified but have extreme inequality. They exploit peripheral economies and are in turn exploited by economies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unequal distribution of income, wealth, or other value resources across countries and within each country. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of domination in which a foreign power uses military force to impose its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population so it can control their resources, labor, and markets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuing economic dependence on former colonial powers despite political independence from them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category that designates a person's overall economic and social status. |
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Term
"Negatively Privileged" Propert Class |
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Definition
| Weber's category for people who completely lack skill, lack property, lack employment, or depend on seasonal or sporadic employment-the people at the very bottom of the class system. |
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Term
Positively Privileged Class |
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Definition
| Weber's category for the people at the very top of the class system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weber's term for an amorphous group of people held together both by virtue of a lifestyle that has come to be expected of them and by the level of esteem in which other people hold them. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Weber. "Organizations oriented toward the planned acquisition of social power [and] toward influencing social action no matter what its contents may be. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most severe form of poverty, in which people cannot afford the basic human necessities (food, water, clothing, and shelter). |
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Term
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Definition
| The most excessive form of wealth, in which a very small minority of people have money, material possessions, and other resources in such abundance that a small fraction of it could provide adequate food, safe water, sanitation, and basic health care for all the poorest people on the planet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of families and individuals in inner cities who live "outside the mainstream of American occupational system and who consequently represent the very bottom of the economic hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vast collectivity of people more or less bound together by shared and selected history, ancestors, and physical features; these people are socialized to think of themselves as a distinct group, and they are regarded by others as such. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; a common ancestry; a birth place; distinctive concrete social traits (such as religious practices, style of dress, body adornments, or language); or socially important physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, or body structure). |
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Term
Systems of Racial and Ethnic Classification |
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Definition
| A systematic process that divides people into racial or ethnic categories that are implicitly or explicitly ranked on a scale of social worth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something not subject to human will, choice or effort; it helps determine a person's racial and ethnic classification. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social setting in which racial and ethnic categories are recognized, constructed, and challenged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of choosing from a range of possible behaviors or appearances; a person's choice may evoke associations with a particular race or ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| People living within the political boundaries of a country who were born elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subgroups within a society that can be distinguished from members of the dominant group by visible identifying characteristics, including physical and cultural attributes. These subgroups are systematically excluded, whether consciously or unconsciously, from full participation in society and denied equal access to positions of power, privilege, and wealth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which ethnic or racial distinctions between groups disappear because one group is absorbed into another groups culture or because two cultures blend to form a new cultural system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which members of a minority group adapt to the ways of the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical or social separation of categories of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnic or racial groups that were forced to become part of a country by slavery, conquest, or colonization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial or ethnic groups that come to a country expecting to improve their way of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural blending in which groups accept many new behaviors and values from one another. The exchange produces a new cultural system, which is a blend of the previously separate systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of beliefs taken to be accurate accounts and explanations of why things are as they are. The beliefs are not challenged or subjected to scrutiny by the people who hold them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rigid and usually unfavorable judgement about an out-group that does not change in the face of contradictory evidence and that applies to anyone who shares the distinguishing characteristics of the out-group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inaccurate generalizations about people who belong to an out-group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which prejudiced persons notice only the behaviors or events related to an out-group that support their stereotypes about the out-group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intentional or unintentional unequal treatment of individuals or groups because of attributes unrelated to merit, ability, or past performance-treatment that denies equal opportunities to achieve socially valued goals. |
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Term
Non Prejudiced Non Discriminators
(All-weather liberals) |
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Definition
| Persons who accept the creed of equal opportunity and whose conduct conforms to that creed. |
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Term
Non Prejudiced Discriminators
(Fair-Weather Liberals) |
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Definition
| Persons who believe in equal opportunity but discriminate because doing so gives them an advantage or because they fail to consider the discriminatory consequences of their actions. |
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Term
Prejudiced Non Discriminators
(Timid Bigots) |
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Definition
| Persons who reject the creed of equal opportunity but refrain from discrimination primarily because they fear the sanctions they may encounter if they are caught. |
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Term
Prejudiced Discriminators
(Active Bigots) |
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Definition
| Persons who reject the notion of equal opportunity and profess a right, even a duty, to discriminate. |
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Term
Individual Discrimination |
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Definition
| Any overt action of an individual that depreciates someone from an out-group, denies outg-roup members opportunities to participate, or does violence to their lives and property. |
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Term
Institutionalized Descrimination |
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Definition
| The established, customary way of doing things in a society-the unchallenged rules, policies, and day to day practices that impede or limit minority members' achievement and keep them in subordinate and disadvantageous positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute defined as deeply discrediting because it over-shadows all other attributes that a person might possess. |
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Term
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Definition
| The moments when stigmatized normals are in the same social situation, that is, in one another's immediate physical presence, whether in a conversation-like encounter or in the mere co-presence of an unfocused gathering. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological concept based on primary sex characteristics. |
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Term
Primary Sex Characteristic |
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Definition
| The anatomical traits essential to reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A broad term used by the medical professionals to classify people with some mixture of male and female biological characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| People whose primary sex characteristic do not match the sex they perceive themselves to be. |
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Term
Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| Physical traits not essential to reproduction (such as breast development, quality of voice, distribution of facial and body hair, and skeletal form) that result from the action of so-called male (androgen) and female (estrogen) hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideals about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental and emotional characteristics for male and females. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical, behavioral, and mental and emotional traits believed to be characteristic of males. |
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Term
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Definition
The physical, behavioral, and mental and emotional traits believed to be characteristic of females.
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Term
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Definition
| The organizing of social life around male-female ideals, so that people's sex influences every aspect of their life, including how they dress, the time they get up in the morning, what they do before they go to bed at night, the social roles they take on, the things they worry about, and even the ways they express emotion and experience sexual attraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term describing decisions that are influenced by a society's polarized definitions of masculinity and femininity rather than by criteria such as self-fulfillment, interest, ability, and personal comfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal bodily sensations experienced in relationships with other people. |
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Term
Commercialization of Gender Ideals |
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Definition
| The process of introducing products to the market by using advertising and sales campaigns that draw on socially constructed standards of masculinity and femininity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The established and customary rules, policies, and day-to-day practices that affect a person's life chances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that one sex- and by extension, one gender- is innately superior to another, justifying unequal treatment of the sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that advocates equality between men and women. |
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