Term
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Definition
| Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual’s identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ ask what meanings become attached to different age groups, and how these explain how society ranks age groups. |
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Term
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Definition
Functionalists are concerned with the stability and
shared public values of the culture or the society |
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Term
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Definition
Conditions such as deviance are disruptive to the
stability of the society and they lead to social
change as the society must find ways to deal with
it and re-establish its social stability and order |
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Term
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Definition
| Its foundation derives from Emile Durkheim’s ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
Focuses on how each of society’s parts, institutions,
and systems contribute to the stability of the whole. |
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Term
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Definition
Each part, e.g. a school or even a prostitute, has a
specific function to fulfill and must do so for the
society to function properly |
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Term
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Definition
This theoretical perspective was derived from the
contributions of Karl Marx. It emphasizes the role of
coercion and power, a person or group’s ability to
exercise influence and control over others, in
producing social order. |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict theory emphasizes strife and revolution as
an agent of social change |
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Term
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Definition
Karl Marx was a political activist and he advocated
this behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
He also desired greater equality and access to
social opportunities for the masses. |
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Term
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Definition
Society is comprised of groups that compete for
social and economic resources. |
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Term
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Definition
Social order is maintained not by consensus, but
by domination, with power in the hands of those
with the greatest political, economic, and social
resources. |
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Term
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Definition
Conflict theorists study issues such as the
exploitation of the masses by those in power
and also who owns the means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
This theoretical framework focuses on immediate social
interaction to be the place where “society” exists. |
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Term
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Definition
It studies the ways groups of people, cultures, and
societies assign different meaning to behavior, events,
or things. |
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Term
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Definition
It is concerned with how different people interpret the same
event and how the interpretation determines one's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
These theorists emphasize face-to-face interaction
and pay attention to words, gestures, and symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
Study material include things such as: what one talks
about, styles and fashion, how individuals develop a
self-identity, and the roles one performs. |
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Term
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Definition
Social order is constantly negotiated and created
through the interpretations people give to their
behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
This perspective is based on the idea that society is not
an objective thing. |
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Term
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Definition
Instead, it is found in the words and images that
people use to represent behavior and ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
Postmodernists think that images and text reveal the
underlying ways that people think and act. |
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Term
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Definition
Postmodernist studies typically involve detailed
analyses of images, words, film, music, and other
forms of popular culture. |
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Term
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Definition
Contemporary life involves multiple experiences and
interpretations, and these are not categorized into broad
and abstract concepts. |
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Term
| "Individuals subordinated to systems of power experience stress and alienation as a result." This statement most closely reflects: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Humane Society, the Kiwanis Club, and church groups are examples of _____ organizations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which perspective is most likely to focus on the fact that individuals experience stress and alienation as a result of being subordinated within a formal organization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A group is two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dyad is a two person group (stable group). A triad is a three person group (unstable group). George Simmel (1902) discovered the group size effect; he observed how group size influences the behavior of the participants |
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Term
In & Out Groups
W.I. Thomas, early sociologist (1903) distinguished
between these two types of groups. |
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Definition
In-Groups are social collectives or membership
groups which you belong to. It provides a sense of
identity as “us.”
Out-groups are complementary collectives which
are referred to as “them”; you are not a member of
that group. |
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Term
Social Influence in Groups
Social groups exert tremendous influence on our
behavior and our identity.
Even when we overtly deny the connection, the
influence still exists. |
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Definition
The not-me syndrome, was introduced by social
psychologist Philip Zimbardo.
– This describes the dramatic gulf between what
people think they will do and what they actually
do; “they conform, but not me. |
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Term
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Definition
is doing together what we would
not do alone; group size and physical anonymity
influence this behavior. |
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Term
• Sociologists, Peter Blau, W. Richard Scott and
Amitau Etzione (1974-1975) classified formal
organizations into three categories based on their
type of membership affiliation. |
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Definition
Normative Organizations
2. Coercive organizations
3. Utilitarian Organization |
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Term
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Definition
(1947/1925) was the first theorist to
study this form of social organization. |
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Term
| Problems of Bureaucracies |
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Definition
Anderson and Taylor discuss the following:
Ritualism
Alienation
Group think
Risky shift |
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Term
McDonaldization of Society
George Ritzer, contemporary sociologist (2007),
discussed the McDonaldization of society |
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Definition
He demonstrated that modern society, both in the
U.S. and abroad, has expanded on Weber’s rational
and efficient model by adopting McDonald’s
prototype of the fast food restaurant business
strategy.
This way of doing business is visible everywhere: in
the world of leisure and entertainment, shopping,
health care clinics, drive-up banks, pharmacies,
politics, and even education |
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Term
McDonald’s Structure
Similar to Weber’s ideal type bureaucratic model,
Ritzer identified the following four dimensions of the
McDonald Model:
1. Efficiency
2. Calculability
3. Predictability
4. Control |
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Definition
This operating system clearly carries with it the faster
distribution of goods and services to a large and ever
increasing demand for product. |
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Term
| Functionalist Perspective |
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Definition
Max Weber spoke of eufunctions (positive functions)
of bureaucracy as contributing to the overall stability
of society.
He listed them as efficiency, control, impersonal
relations, and chances for career advancement.
Weber also noted dysfunctions including: the
informal network, impersonalization, alienation,
disunity, and less efficiency within the organization. |
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Term
Conflict Perspective
• The conflict perspective focuses on the ways that
bureaucracy is layered or stratified, how this
encourages conflict among the individuals within
it, and also how it lessens the smooth efficient
running of the organization |
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Definition
Conflict is found between:
– superior and subordinate
– racial and ethnic groups
– men and women
– people of different social class backgrounds |
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Term
Symbolic Interaction
Perspective |
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Definition
Contemporary symbolic interaction theorists examine
how the self is developed in an organization and/or
how it influences the organizations functions and
dysfunctions.
In 1990, Chris Argyris proposed that the self gets
actualized within the organization with increased
involved within it.
In 1981, UCLA professor William Ouchi argued that
interaction within the organization can reduce
organizational dysfunction |
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Term
| Merton’s structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to |
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Definition
| the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them |
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Term
| Merton’s structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to |
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Definition
| . the tension between desired cultural goals and the means of achieving them |
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Term
| Suicide among the elderly in society best fits which of Durkheim’s types of deviance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conflict and functionalist theories of deviance share |
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Definition
| an emphasis on the social structure in creating deviance. |
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Term
| A strength of conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is |
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Definition
| its insight into the significance of power relationships. |
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Term
| A weakness of conflict theory in terms of understanding deviance is that it |
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Definition
| is less effective explaining forms of deviance other than crime |
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Term
| Functionalist theories of deviance |
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Definition
| view deviance as necessary in order to clarify what the norms of society are. |
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Term
| Social control theory is based on the assumptions that |
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Definition
| there is a common value system and most people feel some impulse toward deviance. |
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Term
| According to the social control theory, what is the primary reason that people internalize social norms? |
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Definition
| they care what others think of them |
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Term
| Labeling theorists would explain recidivism among convicts released from prison as |
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Definition
| caused by the difficulty in changing one’s classification as a deviant. |
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Term
| The primary weakness of labeling theory is |
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Definition
| it does not explain the reasons for the behavior that comes to be labeled as deviant |
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Term
| Psychological explanations of deviance emphasize _____ as the underlying cause of deviant behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to differential association theory, people become deviant |
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Definition
| by learning from members of their primary groups |
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Term
| The functionalist perspective on deviance originates in the work of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these types of crime is not included in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to ______ people behave as they do because of the meanings that they give to different situations. |
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Definition
| symbolic interaction theory |
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