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Definition
NOTEHALL-distinctly human, transmitted through learning, traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs
BOOK-is learned, symbolic, shared, itegrated, all-encompassing, nature, can be adapted and maladaptive
COMP-The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. |
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| -are different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society |
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-cultural traits that are shared by all humanity collectively.
ex: verbal language, using age and gender to classify people, and raising children in some sort of family setting |
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| -is the tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures. |
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| -the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture. |
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| -borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediares |
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| -a second mechanism of cultural change, is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous first hand contact |
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| -kinship ties are equal through both sexes, mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on... |
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| -living away from both the husband and wives relatives "home of their own" |
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| -nuclear family is impermanent, it lasts only as long as the parents and children remain together. Most people belong to at least 2 nuclear families at diff times in their lives. |
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U.S
Family of Orientation |
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Definition
| -the family in which one is born and grows up. |
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U.S
Family of Procreation |
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Definition
| -formed when one marries and has children. |
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| -single marriage, one spouse at one time |
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| -get married and then remarries more than once. |
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Term
Tribes
Unilineal Descent Groups |
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Definition
-a permant social unit whose members claim common ancestry, fundamental to tribal society.
-Matrilineal and patrilineal are types of this. |
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| -people automatically have lifetime membership in their fathers group. |
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| -people join the mothers group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life. |
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| -a descent group may be this based on demonstrated descent |
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-descent groups may be this based on stipulated descent
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| -a belief that people are related to particular animals, plants or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits. Sometimes a clan's apical ancestor is not a human at all but an animal or plant (called a totem) |
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Definition
| -when an expanded family house hold includes 3 or more generations. |
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Definition
| -each of 2 cousins who are children of a brother and sister |
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| -the offspring of a parents sibling, a first cousin |
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| -refers to sexual relations with a relative |
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| -the practice of seeking a mate outside ones own group, has adaptive value because it links people into a wider social network that nurtures, helps, and protects them in times of need. |
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| -rules of this dictate mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs |
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| -a customary gift before, at, or after the marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her hin. descent group members often contribute to this. |
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Definition
| -is a marital exchange in which the wifes group provides substantial gifts to the husbands family. |
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Definition
| -married to more than one person at the same time, is tagainst the law |
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| -in which a man has more than one wife. the more common variant. |
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| -in which a woman has more than one husband. the rare variant. |
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Definition
| -is the rule that when a couple marries it moves to the husbands community so that their children will grow up in their fathers village. |
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| -married couples live in the wifes community,and their children grow up in their mothers village. less common postmarital rule. |
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| -married couples are expected to establish a new place of residence "home of their own". a postmarital residence pattern. |
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| -as "belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces" |
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| -attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature, not existing in nature or subject to explanation, not physical or material. unnaturally |
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| -aren't full time religious officials but part time religious figures who mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. |
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| -have in addition to shamans, community rituals such as harvest ceremonies and collective rited of passage |
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| -which arose with state organization and marked social stratification, add full-time religious specialists-professional priesthoods(bands, tribes, states) |
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| -the earliest form of religion, was a belief in spiritual beings |
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Definition
| -deities who control aspects of nature |
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Definition
-4th type
-also have priesthoods and notions of divine power, but it views the supernatural diff. In monotheism all supernatural phenomena are manifestations of, or are under control of, a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent supreme being
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| -refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims |
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| -a custom or social action that operates to reduce status differences and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms- another form of social control |
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| -are social movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society |
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Definition
| -the natural communication systems of other primates (monkeys and apes). only humans speak |
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Definition
| -is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions |
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| -of a communiation system through learning is a fundamental attribute of language |
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Definition
| -apes have demonstrated liguistic displacement. the moving of something from its place or position |
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| -koko and the chimps also show that apes share still another linguistic ability with humans the quality of being productive or having power to produce. |
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| -rather than seeking universal linguistic structures and processes, they believe that different languages produce diff ways of thinking. after edward sapir(1931) and his student benjamin lee whorf (1956), its prominent early advocates |
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Term
| the structure of language |
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Definition
- the scientific study of a spoken language (descriptive linquistics)
-involves several interrelated areas of analysis: phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax |
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| -the study of speech sounds, considers which sounds are present and significant in a given language |
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| -words and their meaninful parts. morphology studies the forms in which sounds combine to form these. |
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| -is a dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings |
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| -refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences |
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| -investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation |
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Term
| BEV (Black English Vernacular) |
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Definition
| -the sociolinquist william labor and several associates, both white and black, have conducted detailed studies of what they call BEV. Is the "relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth inmost parts of the US today exspecially in inner citys. Its a complex linguistic system with its own rules. |
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Definition
| -deals with longer term change can reconstruct many features of past languages by studying contemporary daughter languages. |
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Definition
| -such specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. (those with particular foci of experience or activity) |
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| It is a cultural universe |
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Definition
| it is a cultural universe |
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Definition
| -but primates in captivity exhibited these traits when taught american sign language |
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Term
| "Arranging a marrige in India" |
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Definition
-the practice of giving a dowry is prohibited by law in India
-Dowry does still happen because extensive gift exchanges took place with every marriage the brides family usually gives the gifts.
-the practice of arranged marriage IS actually preferred by some young indians
-the author helps a family arrange a marriage for their son
-when choosing a bride, some traits that are valued are: her looks, *her character, *getting along with family(most important), and rarely gossips and never quarrels. |
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| "When brothers share a wife" |
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Definition
-polyandry in tibet consists of brothers marrying the same woman, there is only one set of heirs in a generation
-2,3,4 or more brothers jointly take a wife, who leaves her home to come live with them |
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Definition
-click languages are still found today in Africa and Australia
-San, traditional hunters and gatherers, and the khwe (hunters and herders) still use them
-scientists determine the oldest human groups from DNA, and when they belong to an extremely ancient genetic lineage, according to analysis of their DNA, called Jul'hoansi |
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Definition
-PIZARRO was the man who conqured the incas
-What language? - swhili |
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| Wallace: 4 types of religion |
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Definition
1. shamanic
2.communal
3. olympian
4. monotheisic |
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| -magicians produce desired effect by imitating it |
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| -whatever is done to object believed to affect person who once had contact with that object |
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| -formal (stylized, repetitive, and stereotype) behavior performed in sacred places at set times |
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Definition
-bilateral kinship
-neolocality
-nuclear families
-family of orientation
-family of procreation
-monogamy
-serial monogamy |
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Definition
-unilineal descent groups
-patrilineal
-matrilineal
-lineage
-clan
-totem
-extended family |
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Definition
| -is a perment social unit whose members claim common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
-matrilineal and patrilineal descent are types of this.
-this means the descent group only uses one line only, either the male or female line. |
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